Dantes Inferno Essay - 1447 Words

At the start of the poem we find Dante in the dark forest(Inf. 1.2). Not much description is given maybe to show Dante’s disorientation. Whether the disorientation is spiritual, physical, moral or political; that is unclear at the start of the poem. The poem us written this way so reader can identify with Dante. It is also written in such a way that sometimes it is difficult to understand some parts, you sometimes have to read it backwards to get a better understanding. The way Dante characterizes the dark woods has a lot of ideas taken from various traditions. This ranges from the medieval Platonic image of chaos, this is shown as a type of primordial wood. There is the enterance to the classic underworld (Hades), which is in the†¦show more content†¦Virgil also wrote ten pastoral poems; Eclogues, the fourth of which talks about the birth of a wonderful child and that was thought to be a prophet of the birth of Jesus. Circle 7-9 In Canto 11 of the Inferno Virgil explains to Dante that violent sins, sins of violence, takes three forms other people, ones self, and God (28-33). The people who commit crimes against other are punishes in the first ring of the seventh circle, a river of blood (Inferno 12) Those people who commit suicide, those who commit crimes unto themselves are punished in a horrid forest (Inferno 13). The ring for the people who commit crimes against God, the third ring is a barren places all of sand ignited by flakes of fire. To break this circle down more, there are those who offend God directly(blasphemers), those who violate nature(sodomites) and those who are users(Inferno 14-17). The way Dante shows sodomy, it is understood that it is sexual relation between males, but that doesn’t make it homosexual. At that time in the Middle Ages it was seen as extremely wrong both legally and theologically. The crime could end with loss of property and/or even capital punishment. Usury was similarly condemned, as it goes with and equated with heresy in 1311, at the Council of Vienne. Fallen man must live â€Å"by the sweat of his brow† and Jesus said ’lend, expecting nothing in return†( GenShow MoreRelatedThe Story in Dantes Inferno910 Words   |  4 PagesIn the story Dante’s Inferno we as readers get to experience hell in a whole light. Throughout the narrative we find out that hell is not only what we know of it from the Christian bible. According to Dante Hell is a complex situation that is nothing like anything we have read earlier. There are many people who have read at least some portion of the Holy Bible. Whether it be because of personal reasons or educational ones, the holy bible most read (and sold) books in existence. Through readingRead More Dantes Inferno Essay856 Words   |  4 PagesDantes Inferno It was sometime in the middle of the 17th century that British cleric Thomas Fuller wrote, He that falls into sin is a man; that grieves at it, is a saint; that boasteth of it, is a devil. If Fuller was right, where does one place Dante, the pilgrim who bravely wandered where no man had wandered before? Certainly, the sojourner precisely written by the poet of the same name was a man. Certainly, also, he repented his sinful ways (how could one not after braving not only theRead MoreThe Odyssey and Dantes Inferno1300 Words   |  5 Pagesheart of a poet, whether it be romance, adventure or simply a story from experiences. And perhaps there are no better poets that are better able to drag their willing audience along a journey than Homer and Dante. The epic tales of The Odyssey and Inferno, respectively, were seemingly written along a parallel train of thought when describing their characters journey, easily engaging the creative functions of the reader with adventurous tales of hop e and adventure. Their characters, Odysseus and DanteRead More Dantes Inferno Essay496 Words   |  2 PagesDantes Inferno In Canto I, Dante has strayed from the True Way into the Dark Wood of Error. He opens his eyes and sees the mount Mount of Joy which is lit up by the sun. He sets out to try to climb the mountain, but his way is blocked by the Three Beasts of Worldliness: The Leopard of Malice and Fraud, The Lion of Violence and Ambition, and The She-Wolf of Incontinence. He then starts to lose all hope when Virgil, Dante’s symbol of Human Reason appears. Dante is very frightened and nervous byRead MoreCritique Of Dantes Inferno1602 Words   |  7 Pages The Inferno is the first part of Dante’s epic poem The Divine Comedy. The Inferno tells the journey of Dante going through Hell, guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil. In the poem Hell is illustrated as nine circles of torture that is located in the middle of the Earth, the Inferno describes the recognition and the ultimate rejection of sin. Every canto is written in parts of what sinner is being punished, what their punishment is an d why they are there. Susan Blow writes a critique of Dante’sRead MoreThe Influence of Dantes Inferno Essay1380 Words   |  6 Pages Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy is an epic poem that begins with the Inferno. The Inferno is an extremely influential part of European literature. The structure of story is for many people a piece of the vision of Hell. Religiously, this poem has had great prevalence. Dante paints a picture of the Hell that is both unsettling and justifiable. A whole world is created through his poem. The levels and intensity of sin is pondered. Crime is put to a level of small to large scale. ThoseRead MoreAnalysis of Dantes Inferno Essay748 Words   |  3 PagesIn Dante’s Inferno, Dante is taken on a journey through hell. On this journey, Dane sees the many different forms of sins, and each with its own unique contrapasso, or counter-suffering. Each of these punishments reflects the sin of a person, usually offering some ironic way of suffering as a sort of revenge for breaking God’s law. As Dante wrote this work and developed the contrapassos, he allows himself to play God, deciding who is in hell and why they are there. He uses this opportunity to strikeRead MoreThe Contributions Of Death In Dantes Inferno1168 Words   |  5 PagesIn the Inferno, Dante journeys along the path that will eventually lead him to God by first passing through Hell. As he goes through his journey in Hell with Virgil, Dante encounters several sinners who are being punished based upon the sins each individual committed. Dante’s attitude towards the sinners’ punishment changes from sympathy to hostility as he goes through his path towards God. At first, Dante is to feeling sympathy for the souls that reside in the Second Circle of Hell, whose punishmentRead MoreDantes Inferno and the Renaissance Essay2380 Words   |  10 PagesIt is one of the most known and referenced books of its time and is still a commonly read work of literature, but is Dante Alighieri’s The Inferno more that just one man’s interpretation of what hell is like? We know it now as a remarkable piece of literature, but some contend that it was a turning point in writing and how many viewed the world. Claims have also been made that it is an example of how man paved the road out of the Dark Ages and into the Renaissance, the period that shaped a lot ofRead MoreDantes Inferno and The Afterlife Essay1819 Words   |  8 Pagesperson can interpreted it in a slightly different way and allegories are most often personalized by a reader. Dante’s Inferno allegory is present throughout the entire poem. From the dark wood to the depths of Dan te’s hell he presents the different crimes committed in life as they could be punished in death. One of the first punishments we observe comes from the fifth circle of Dante’s hell, the wrathful and the sullen, as the author expresses his thoughts of the fitting consequence with each sin

Review of Cocktail Party Economics Essay - 688 Words

Review of Cocktail Party Economics for The Economist As an economics training book, Cocktail Party Economics highlights the concepts of economics, bringing them to light in a simple way without taking away from the importance of each theory and thought. This is a book written to engage its readers and interest them in the idea of the economic thought process. Addressed to â€Å"students everywhere, especially those who like economics †¦ or want to,† this book is exactly that. Cocktail Party Economics is a skillful portrayal of the process of economic thought, which entertains young readers due to the author’s sometimes silly and sarcastic moments. Economics may sometimes appear to be a difficult subject filled with elaborate terms and†¦show more content†¦There are many Gossip Columns within the book; each one displaying the lives of an economist and their contributions to today’s economic society. These are especially important to this work of literature because they highlight the key concepts developed by deceased economists and how these concepts are used in today’s day and age. The reader is consumed by the column and what it has to offer: a chance to understand the idea of economics on a greater scale. Visualization is an essential factor of Cocktail Party Economics, as it is aimed at a student audience. Visuals in which a student sees within the text help the individual to expand their learning and retain more information. The use of charts offers the reader a chance to refer to them in the case of confusion or misunderstanding. These visual aids help each reader on their journey of understanding the theories of economics. Either in the form of a chart or picture, Cocktail Party Economics challenges readers to apply their knowledge to understand the text better through the visual aids. Overall, Cocktail Party Economics is a great tool to use when trying to grasp the idea of economics and the impacts of t he theories on modern society. The book contains a great deal of aids in the form of quotes, Gossip Columns, charts, and pictures, helping the reader to better their understanding. The authors make the text easy to read, using a somewhat story-telling setting. The title,Show MoreRelatedEng2021004 Words   |  5 Pagesa tasteful single woman. Before the age of forty, she has been living a quiet life in London celibacy nearby village. She was not married, not because she was ugly or eccentric, or bad economic conditions at home. In fact, she had a good karma, often was invited to participate in a variety of tea or cocktail party. She is both orthodox and aloof, a man of great self-discipline. For such people, marriage is certainly put quality before quantity. For the unmarried children of middle-class familiesRead MoreJapanese Food1349 Words   |  6 Pagesyour Japanese restaurant. Common products sold through these businesses include sushi, sashimi, and beverage services. Addit ionally, you may want to make mention as to whether or not you obtain liquor license as it pertains to providing specialty  cocktails  for your customers. Next, youre going to want to discuss your Japanese restaurant  SBA loan. Here, you should discuss how much money youre seeking, anticipated interest rate, the anticipated monthly repayment rate, and the term below. You alsoRead MoreTesla motors Essay3925 Words   |  16 PagesToronto †¢ Potential buyers should call 416-555-8899 for more information or to arrange a test drive Central Tactics Use Jay Leno as a product evangelist Win over key influencers and spin off media coverage with an exclusive track event and cocktail party 2 Executive Summary OBJECTIVE The focus of this communications plan is Tesla’s Toronto debut. While creating awareness or changing attitudes are important for Tesla’s success in the high-end electric performance car market, theRead MoreHow Social Networking Negatively Spheres Of Life Either It Is Personal, Social, Educational Or Professional Essay1938 Words   |  8 Pagesanti-socialactivities increasing on these networks along with suggestions/tips which can help the user toavoid the populace from the risks involved in social networking. Design/Methodology/Approach: The paper presents a comprehensive literature review andcommentary. An effort has been made to collect, organize synthesis and analysis various preand post print literature. Finally, literature has surmised along with authors own experience onsocial networking. Findings: The study found that socialRead MoreEliot as Dramatist1935 Words   |  8 PagesEliots first volume of verse, PRUFROCK AND OTHER OBSERVATIONS (1917). Eliot taught for a year at Highgate Junior School in London, and then worked as a clerk at Lloyds Bank, where he wrote acticles for the monthly in-house magazine Lloyds Bank Economic Review on foreign currency movements. A physical condition prevented his entering in 1918 the US Navy. Eliots second book, ARA VOS PREC (published in the U.S. as POEMS), which appeared in 1919, was hand-printed by Virginia and Leonard Woolf at the HogathRead MorePresentation Of Conference And Banqueting Management Essay3519 Words   |  15 Pagesthe expectations of the customers. It is closely related to the image of the organization. There are several specific scope, scale and strategic issues, operational issues closely related to the conference and banqueting service. Proper planning, economic consideration and proper strategies must be developed in ca se of developing a successful conference or banqueting program in the industry. Table of Contents Executive summary 2 Introduction 4 Task 1 Understanding the nature of theRead MoreEssay on Life With Spina Bifida2829 Words   |  12 Pagespeers without SB (Holmbeck 2002). It is also common for children to be hyperverbal, chatty, and articulate in conversation while the content of their speech is superficial or inappropriate for the context. This type of behavior pattern, called â€Å"cocktail-party syndrome,† is multifactoral in origin but may be cultivated in part by well-intentioned parents of children who lack the balancing negative reinforcement of peers when the speech becomes inappropriate (Tew 1979). Communication disorders may furtherRead MoreImproving Profitability By Applying Sustainable Strategies9898 Words   |  40 Pagesare trying to implement different strategies to transform their business in a more sustainable one in hopes of lessening that impact. Hotel owners, employees and guests started to be more aware for the environment by expressing their concern. Both parties are playing a huge role in making the hospitality industry more sustainable. 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Management and Organizational Structure †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Organization culture and organizational Structure. Answer: Organization culture and organizational structure are closely related to each other and is one of the most important factors for the improving the performance of the organization. The culture of an organization has an impact on the structure of the organization and vice versa. This is a report, which will explain the organization culture and structure of the organization named Flight centre. This report will analyze the complex nature of the modern day organization by making use of the marketing theories. Flight Centre limited is one of the travel agencies in Australia who is the market leader in this segment and has been able to achieve this due to their unique behaviouralmanagement style. The flight centre is an organization, which caters to both the overseas and the Australian market. The organization has been for their known for the airfares that they provide at the lowest price and consist of more than 200 shops in all over the world. The organization has been providing both business and leisure travel packages to the consumers at an affordable price. The organization has expanded their business to 11 countries such as United States, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Hong Kong, South Africa, China, Dubai, Singapore and India (Flight Centre Travel Group 2017). This organization is one of the most successful retail brands in the travel industry. The organization has been bale o employee 8000 support staffs and consultants through the networks of the organization. The organization has been able to extend their services to 40 countries all around the world through strategic licensing and supported by the local operators (Flight Centre Travel Group 2017). The organizational structure of Flight centre limited is lean, team based and simple. The organization consists of small groups, which consist of seven members, which is the foundation of the organization. This small group is known as a family and are the retail stores. The next level in the organization will consist of three or four families and they have been named as village. These retail stores which are in the same geographical proximity are clustered together to form a village. The next level consists of twenty stores and is named as country (Dekoulou et al. 2017). There are sixteen countries in Australia which shows the level of hierarchy in the system and how the operate. The organization is focused on teamwork and they believe in collective effort. The respective leaders of the country monitor these countries and staffs support them so that they could efficiently fulfil the goals and objectives of the organization. These people are specialist, which has helped to expand the organization and e xecute all the activities in a feasible manner. The organization has been able to make use of the information system in an effective way, which will help in sharing of information and brainstorming (Burke 2017). This will help in making effective decision-making and help to achieve the objectives and goals of the organization. This helps to make an impact in an organization at all level which will include strategic activities, operational activities and tactical. The information system will help to provide better guidance to the employees in the market and is the integral part of the organizational structure (Waldman and Jensen 2016). The organization culture is also an important factor for the growth and performance of the organization. The organization is known for the training they provide to their employees. The employees are provided with a lot of attention, which helps the organization to get them involved in all the activities of the organization. The organization uses the transformative leadership, which focuses on teamwork as the main solution for solving all the problems in the industry. The teamwork of the employees helps in decision-making and the collective effort helps to make changes to the organization (Alvesson 2016). Workforce in any organization is the main driving force for improving the performance. The organizational culture will have a huge influence on the workforce and Flight centre has made use of the employee engagement to motivate their workforce. The employees are encouraged to work in a team and participate in the activities of the organization (Mills 2017). The organization focuses o n the empowerment of the employees, which has helped the employees to grow at an individual level. This is one of the major factors, which has provided the organization with a competitive advantage in the market. The system that has been created by the organization is linked in such a way that ineffectiveness of a single employee will have an overall impact on the Flight Centre. Moreover, the incentive the employees are dependent on the overall salary of every individual, which shows Flight Centres focus on collective effort (Hartnell et al. 2016). This is can be understood form the fact that the rates of the employees in the organization are higher than the standard in this industry. The organization has also incorporated innovation in their business model which has helped the employees to do thing in a different way and they have the fulfil freedom of making decisions on the basis of the organization. This shows that the organization has provided the employees with full freedom, w hich they use in an effective way to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization. The organization has established an efficient performance management system, which will help the higher officials in the organization to identify and acknowledge the performance of the employees. This has also helped to make continuous improvements in the employee performance and rectify heir mistakes (Beach 2014). However, even though the organization is the market leader in this field the biggest weakness of the organization is their traditional system, which is time consuming and is more expensive than the modern methods used by the other rival organization. Thus, it is recommended that Flight Centre should incorporate the modern technological processes if they want to maintain their competitive advantage in the market. The organization will have to analyze the business model of the organization so that they can evaluate their cost structure and the revenue streams. This will help them to reduce their cost and increase their profit margin. References Flight Centre Travel Group (2017). Homepage - Flight Centre Travel Group. [online] Flight Centre Travel Group. Available at: https://www.fctgl.com/ [Accessed 6 Oct. 2017]. Dekoulou, P., Dekoulou, P., Trivellas, P. and Trivellas, P., 2017. Organizational structure, innovation performance and customer relationship value in the Greek advertising and media industry. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 32(3), pp.385-397. Burke, W.W., 2017. Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Waldman, D. and Jensen, E., 2016. Industrial organization: theory and practice. Routledge. Alvesson, M. ed., 2016. Organizational culture. Sage. Hartnell, C.A., Kinicki, A.J., Lambert, L.S., Fugate, M. and Doyle Corner, P., 2016. Do similarities or differences between CEO leadership and organizational culture have a more positive effect on firm performance? A test of competing predictions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(6), p.846. Beach, L.R., 2014. Decision making in the workplace: A unified perspective. Psychology Press. Mills, A.J., 2017. Studying the Gendering of Organizational Culture over Time: Concerns, Issues, and Strategies?. In Insights and Research on the Study of Gender and Intersectionality in International Airline Cultures (pp. 71-91). Emerald Publishing Limited.

Neuroeconomics Definition

Introduction Neuroeconomics is the study of the economic cognition based on biological micro-foundations. Biological micro-foundations are neurochemical systems and pathways, for instance, brain mechanism, neurotransmitters and genes among others. On the other hand, economic cognition is cognitive activities that are linked to economic observation, beliefs and decision making process (Rustichini, 2005, p. 201).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Neuroeconomics Definition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The field of Neuroeconomics is less than a decade old and have approximately two hundred active neuroscientists and economists. Neuroeconomics is different from behavioural economics in that the latter is one-sided (mostly economists) while the former brings together behavioural economists, classical economists and other experts in economics and psychology (Camerer, Loewenstein Prelec, 2004, p. 555). The most f requently asked question is why economists should study the brain. Maybe it is because they need to enhance utility measurement. Nonetheless, the study of the brain can help in directing and catalyzing the development of new economic models and accelerating the rate of developing these models. Neuroscience provides new experiential method that offers novel empirical tests. Neuroscience measurements assist people in understanding and managing themselves better (Camerer, Loewenstein Prelec, 2004, p. 555). Therefore, Neuroeconomics provides fundamental changes in economic methods. They go beyond the conventional economic practises to employ psychological insight as a motivation for developing economic models or take into consideration empirical evidences that confront behavioural assumptions of models in economics (Camerer, Loewenstein Prelec, 2005, p.10; Rabin, 1998, p.12). Weaknesses of standard economics solved by Neuroeconomics Perception of the brain according to Neuroeconomists suggests a number of weaknesses on the concept of preference according to the standard economists. Physiological processes which are controlled by the brain can voluntarily or involuntarily influence individual’s choices and preferences (Camerer, Loewenstein Prelec, 2004, p. 563). The standard economics’ deduction of preference from a choice perspective does not provide sufficient explanation or discloses everything. Consider an imaginary case of two students, Tom and Jeri, who have both rejected an offer to buy Sausage at a reasonable price. The rejection of sausage reveals a common disutility for the same product.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More But Jeri refused to buy the sausage because he is allergic to it. Consuming sausage cause him rushes, difficulty in breathing and to an extreme case can even be fatal. On the other hand, Tom refused to buy saus age because he had eaten a lot of it last summer and as a result has developed nausea for eating too much sausage. Since then, his gustatory system links sausage with illness and that is why he refused to buy them even at a reasonable price (Camerer, Loewenstein Prelec, 2004, p. 564). Even though Tom and Jeri exhibit identical disutility, their physiological account tells us more. Jeri has inelastic demand for sausages and that means even if the offer was extremely good he won’t buy them. Conversely, Tom would attempt a couple of sausages for the right price. In addition, their tastes will sooner or later change differently. For instance, Jeri’s situation may remain permanent, while Tom’s case might change if his craving strikes again or stops nauseating (Camerer, Loewenstein Prelec, 2004, p. 564). Another example of how the standard economics’ concept of preference can become even wider by neglecting the biological concepts is cases of accident. For in stance, no builder can opt to fall asleep while working. Naturally, imaginative economists can posit a trade-off between â€Å"sleep utility† and â€Å"risk of falling down from a building†, and suppose that the sleeping builder must have had higher u(sleeping) than u (falling down from a building). However, this description is a mere tautology. It is more important to think of the â€Å"choice† as a consequence of interaction of numerous systems. From the biological perspective it is possible that the physiological system would have shut down the body when the builder got tired, and a controlled cognitive system which defends against sleep when closing your eyes was critical, and maybe lost the battle (Camerer, Loewenstein Prelec, 2004, p. 564).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Neuroeconomics Definition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For standard economists, it is usual to model this incidence by assuming that it fully depends on the biological conditions. This raise a question whether the part of the brain that controls sight(cerebral cortex) was fully aware of the nature of the processes and assigned cognitive efforts (possibly cingulated activity) to manage them. For instance, medical experts have argued that individuals often overlook mean-reversion in biological conditions and this explains why conventionally unrealistic facts such as suicide resulting from momentary despair, and consumers buying more food when they are hungry (Gul Pesendorfer, 2005, p. 66). Another weakness in standard economics is the principle of modelling in utility of income. According to standard economics, utility of income depends only on the values of goods and service and is independent of the income source. But according to Camerer, Loewenstein Prelec (2005, p. 12) the selling price for earned goods is superior when the assigned good was paid for than for those unpaid for. Zin k et al. (2004, p. 511) also established that when individuals earn money, rather than receiving it in form of reward, there is a high activity in the striatum (region in the brain). Therefore, according to them earned money is factually more satisfying in the brain than unearned money. The fact that utility in the brain depends on the income source is possibly more significant for welfare and tax policies (Zink et al. 2004, p. 512). How different lobes in the brain interlinked to the above responses Homeostasis mechanisms have been greatly linked with electrical stimulations in hypothalamus and limbic structures which deep regions in the brain. According to a controlled experiment carried out in a rat using implanted electrodes established electrical stimulations in the lateral hypothalamus. The animal crossed electrical grid several times before reaching the level, i.e., the brain regions that produced automatic stimulations otherwise known as the pleasure/reward centres (Camerer, Loewenstein Prelec, 2004, p. 559). From this experiment it is apparent that brain cells are subjected to direct electrical stimulation. In reaction to a stimulus, a feeling is a normally multidimensional, i.e., qualitative, quantitative, and effective sensation. Effective sensation is the one that is linked to pleasure and displeasure and mainly relies on the quality of the stimulus.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A small range of the stimulus (chemical, thermal and mechanical stimulus) is capable of arousing pleasure. The property of a stimulus to arouse pleasure or displeasure is often referred to as Alliesthesia. Both chemical and mechanical stimuli can produce Alliesthesia (Cabanac, 1979, p. 5). The preference acquired or averted from the alimentary stimuli also presents a case of Alliesthesia. The ability of different stimulus to become rewarding or punishing is also linked to Alliesthesia. Alliesthesia helps individuals to detect danger around them. The Alliesthesic stimulus is controlled by the central nervous system with reference to homeostasis (Cabanac, 1979, p. 5). When Alliesthesic stimulus is received in the parietal lobe (areas that controls motor actions from the central nervous system) it directs it to the temporal lobes which abodes the hypothalamus. Temporal lobes are responsible for memory, recognition and emotions in the human body. The hypothalamus will react to the chemi cal stimuli accordingly and these are communicated to the rest of the body through the homeostasis process (Cabanac, 1979, p. 6). Key assertions of Neuroeconomics Neuroeconomics is identified as a research that unreservedly or clearly makes two fundamental assertions. The first assertion is that psychological and physiological facts that are relevant to the theories of economics. Particularly, they can be used to support or reject economic methodology or models. The second assertion is that the things that makes people happy (true utility) are different from what they actually opt for. For that reason, welfare economists are urged to use true utility instead of choice utility (utility governing choice) (Camerer, Loewenstein Prelec, 2004, p. 565). Besides the above two assertions, Neuroeconomics fronts a further challenge to the standard economics. It argues that economics should take advantage of the latest advancement in neuroscience, particularly in the improvement in measurement . It asserts that the recent improvements may make it possible to unify economics and brain science (Caplin Leahy, 2001, p. 57). According to the standard economists, the term utility maximization and choice are one and the same. The utility function is normally an ordinal index that explains how people rank numerous results and how they behave given specific constraints. The relevant data normally describes consumption choices given the individual constraints. The data are used to calibrate the model and the resulting calibrations are used to forecast the future choices and equilibrium variables, for instance, consumer’s tastes and preferences. For this reason, the theories of standard economics identify choice constraints from history behaviour and relate these constraints to prospective behaviour and equilibrium variables (Gul Pesendorfer, 2004, p. 1403). The standard economists emphasizes on disclosed preferences since economic data appear in this form. Economic data no rmally discloses what the consumers want or have opted for in a specific situation. These data enables economists to differentiate between what the consumers opted for and what they actually choose. The standard economics provides no technique of using non-choice data to measure preference constraints. The consumer’s coefficient of risk aversion, for instance, can not be established through psychological test but can only be disclosed through consumer behaviour choice (Gul Pesendorfer, 2004, p. 1403). If economists come up with new theory based on non-choice parameters then the novel theory can results in new predictions in behaviour and this can be examined with disclosed preference evidence or if it does not the alterations becomes inane. The examinable implication of theory in standard economics is its content. Once these contents are established, the non-choice evidence that prompted a new theory becomes irrelevant (Gul Pesendorfer, 2005, p. 68). Similar to its welfare criterion, standard economics utilizes consumers’ choice behaviour. When an alternative or a substitute is deemed to be superior to the good in question, if an only if, given the opportunity, the consumer will opt for the substitute over that particular good. Therefore, welfare criterion is synonymous with choice behaviour (Thaler, 1980, p. 39). In standard economics, consumers’ choices may possibly improve when constraints are loosened up. For instance, consumers may make relatively superior choices when they are given adequate information, additional resources or additional time to make decision (Gul Pesendorfer, 2004, p. 1403). Nonetheless, standard economics lack therapeutic ambitions, i.e., do no attempt to assess or enhance consumer’s objectives. Economics has failed to distinguish between decisions that make best use of happiness, decisions that reflect a sense of duty or decisions that are as a result of reaction to some impulses. In addition, economics takes no position on the question of which of the available objectives consumer should follow (Gul Pesendorfer, 2005, p. 73). Neuroeconomics has helped individuals to decide in economic and strategic situations since it focuses on psychological and physiological processes that are fundamental in decision-making processes. It attempts to relate the decision-making procedures to psychological processes in brain or account of emotional experience (Gul Pesendorfer, 2005, p. 78). Global financial Crisis and Neuroeconomics In the year 2007-2008 the world was hit by the worst financial crisis whose ripples effect are still being felt up to now. The global economic and financial crisis generated challenges at all levels of the economy decisions. Governments in Europe and emerging markets faced an urgent need to act concurrently in different fronts. Systematically and politically sensitive economic sectors had to be bailed out. The general downfall in economic activities had to be counter acted and vulnerable population groups had to be protected from declining incomes. These costly actions were taken in a context of falling government revenues and shrinking domestic and foreign financing, with medium to long term consequences for budgets and debt (Greenspan, 2008, p. 5). The global financial crisis started when consumers defaulted to payback their mortgage debts/ loans. Effects of the crisis include regional banks failure and collapse of several financial institutions. In general, many European financial institutions saw enormously decline in capital associated bad debts and plunging values of collateralized debt repayments. The massive losses have led to escalation of interest rates in risk management for the banks and have decreased their capability and willingness to take risk. This is evident in stringent lending conditions, withdrawn lines of credit bonds and increased loan spreads (Carlin, Lobo Vishwanathan, 2009, P. 2236). A million dollar question is would Neuroeconomics have helped to reverse the situation? In most economic studies risk is equated with variation of results. But for most individuals, risk is multidimensional, particularly the emotional aspect of it. Studies have shown that potential results which are more calamitous and difficult to control are more risky (Camerer, Loewenstein Prelec, 2004, p. 569). Financial experts have emphasized that risk is the probability of loss, particularly massive loss and is usually estimated by the variance of the loss portion of the outcome distribution (semi-variance). Risk aversion is driven by instantaneous fear responses which are modulated by a small area in the brain known as amygdala. The Amygdala provides a rapid and grimy response to potential fear. The fear response can be regulated or overruled by the cortical input. The fear responses normally do not disappear totally but is simply being suppressed by the cortex (Camerer, Loewenstein Prelec, 2004, p. 570). Risky choices norm ally tend to be ambiguous and therefore involve a lot of gambling. Interplay of cognitive and effective processes are normally involved in choices among risky gambles. Therefore, a lot of attention should be paid to a new stream of relevant data when making decisions on highly risky ventures. The increasing familiarity with brain functioning is likely to improve economic theories/models and other economic domains. This will help policy makers to make rational decisions when it comes to more sensitive and risky ventures (Camerer, Loewenstein Prelec, 2004, p. 571). Neuroscience measurements have a comparative advantage over the measurements used in standard economics. This is because Neuroeconomics â€Å"leaves no stone unturned† and therefore its measurements generates more dependable indices of significant economic variables, for instance, consumer confidence and welfare (Editorial, 2004, p. 71). Neuroeconomics is also able to relate hypotheses regarding particular brain mec hanism with unobservable intermediate variables and with observable variables. In addition, Neuroeconomics attaches scrupulousness to the functioning parameters of the theories/models in the standard economic models (Camerer, Loewenstein Prelec, 2004, p. 572). Therefore, application of Neuroeconomics would have helped to detect the looming global financial crisis. However, the thought that Neuroeconomics would have helped to avert the crisis is a subject of major debate. How Neuroeconomics can help to improve Sales One of the main functions of marketing executive is understanding, explaining and predicting behaviours of different clusters of consumers and how it is relevant in the market. This involves a lot than simply influencing consumers to buy goods and services. The concept of neuromarketing is provides more insight in the field of marketing and involves neuroeconomic knowledge to enhance marketing (Rustichini, 2005, p. 202). Pricing is a fundamental tool used by many compani es to position their products in the market. Despite of numerous literatures related to product pricing, many companies tend to use these knowledge when setting up prices, resulting in sub-optimal situation for both consumers and companies (Editorial, 2004, p. 74). Understanding psychological aspects of pricing is very significant for companies striving to make optimal decisions and as a matter of fact has utility in a wider sense. The current techniques used in pricing research are behavioural in nature and relies on what actually takes place when individuals process pricing information. If truth be told, pricing perfectly lends itself to neuroimaging research. Neuroimaging helps marketing executives to understand how prices are processed and provides them with all the information required to make rational decisions (Editorial, 2004, p. 75). Exchange being a principle concept in marketing, negotiations is of massive significance. For instance, consumers encounters situation where t hey have to negotiate prices or benefits with the company, especially for capital goods. Unpleasant consumer experience means loss of customers and therefore companies must come up with strategies which ensures all the parties (consumers and the company) are satisfied. Game theory has proved to be a very useful tool in economics and marketing studies when assessing interactions in situations where contradictory payoffs exists and are known to the participants. Game theoretical models have become very significant in the development of neuroeconomic research. Neuroeconomic game theory research provides marketing executives with substantial insight into cortical activity in decision-making. Neuroeconomic game theory research tends to focus on competitive and cooperative characteristics rather than the negotiation process that may result in certain behaviours (Editorial, 2004, p. 74; Rustichini, 2005, p. 204). Another prominent factor in marketing is trust. Many companies have spent mas sive resources to build consumer trust in their brands and products. The subject of trust not only involves company and consumers but also companies themselves. Inter-organizational dealings, for instance, joint ventures, tactical treaties, and business-business transactions among others rely on mutual trust. On the other hand, consumer trust is very important when especially when it influences purchasing behaviour (Gul Pesendorfer, 2005, p. 70). Neuroeconomic researches on the concept of trust beyond rationality have been carried out over the recent past. These studies have established that the caudate nucleus in the brain, which is normally hyperactive when learning about stimuli-response relations, is very significant in tentative games that require some form of trust. Trust between companies can be ascertained by the reaction of the agents involved in the negotiation process. Neuroeconomic exploration and understanding of the trust concept will help the marketing executives to have greater ability to discover the antecedent factors to trust, and this will help the company to build trust with their customers and other business partners for mutual benefit (Editorial, 2004, p. 76). The study of the impact of various marketing activities on the society is also very significant. This subject has not been restricted to marketing and economics alone; it has also been explored in other fields such as communications, sociology, politics and psychology. Most of these studies have been concerned with the impact of advertising messages on society. However, marketing ethics is more than advertisement. It also covers unhealthy marketing activities and their negative results, for instance, harmful effect of constant bombardment of marketing and product purchasing addition. This subject has also been tackled in neuroeconomic game theory research since it involves payoffs. Application of neuroimaging will also helps marketing executives to understand the impact of certain marketing techniques, as well as more insight into main problems related to business relationships and answers to economic questions that have proven to be elusive (Editorial, 2004, p. 77). References Cabanac, M 1979, Sensory Pleasure, Quarterly Review of Biology, vol.54 no. 1, pp. 1-29. Camerer, CF, Loewenstein, G, Prelec, D 2004, ‘Neuroeconomics: Why Economics Needs Brains’, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol. 106, pp. 555-579. Camerer, C, Loewenstein, G, Prelec, D 2005, ‘Neuroeconomics: How neuroscience can inform economics’, Journal of Economics, vol.43 no.1, pp. 9–64. Caplin A, Leahy, J 2001, ‘Psychological Expected Utility Theory and Anticipatory Feelings’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 6, pp.55-80. Carlin, B I, Lobo, MS, Vishwanathan, S 2009, ‘Episodic Liquidity Crises: Cooperative and Predatory Trading’, Journal of Finance, vol.62, PP. 2235-2274. Gallese, V, Keysers, C, Rizzolatti, G 2004, ‘A un ifying view of the basis of social cognition’, Trends in Cognitive Science, vol. 8, pp.396–403. Greenspan, A 2008, The Age of Turbulence. With a new Chapter on the Current Credit Crisis, Penguin Books, London. Gul, CF, Pesendorfer W 2004, ‘Temptation and Self-Control’, Econometrica, vol.69 no.6, pp. 1403-1436. Gul, F, Pesendorfer, W 2005, ‘The Revealed Preference Theory of Changing Tastes’, Review of Economic Studies, p. 66-95. Editorial, 2004, ‘The Lancet neurology: neuromarketing, beyond branding’, Lancet, vol.3, pp.71-75. Thaler, R 1980, ‘Towards a positive theory of consumer choice’, Journal of Economic  Behaviour and Organization, vol.1, pp.39—60. Rabin M 1998, ‘Psychology and Economics’, Journal of Economic Literature, 36, pp. 11-46. Rustichini, A 2005, ‘Neuroeconomics: present and future’, Games Economic Behaviour, vol.52, pp. 201–212. Zink, C F, Pagnoni, G, Martin-Sk urski, M E, Chappelow, J C, Berns, G S 2004, Human Striatal Response to Monetary Reward Depends on Saliency, Neuron vol. 42, pp. 509–517. This case study on Neuroeconomics Definition was written and submitted by user Matilda B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The 5 Best AP Chemistry Books Full Expert Reviews

The 5 Best AP Chemistry Books Full Expert Reviews SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The more challenging the subject, the more helpful it is to have a good review book. Since AP Chemistry is considered one of the most difficult classes in the AP canon, it's smart to pick up some additional resources to aid in your studying. There are quite a few popular review books out there, but some are more useful than others. In this guide, I'll provide detailed descriptions of the best AP Chemistry review books so you can choose the right one based on your needs as a student. What’s in This Guide? These are my recommendations for the best books students can use to prepare for the AP Chemistry exam (and review concepts throughout the year). For each book, I’ll list pros and cons, sum up my opinions, and provide a rating out of 10 based on how helpful it is for students. The first three AP Chemistry books are your best bets for a comprehensive and effective review of the course material. The last two supplemental review books are ones that you might consider buying for extra practice materials or additional study strategies on top of a couple of the more essential review books. At the end of this article, I’ll sum up my findings and tell you which review book or books you should get based on your goals, studying timeline, and familiarity with the material. The Best AP Chemistry Book for Long-Term Review 5 Steps to a 5 (McGraw-Hill) Price: $12 print, $10 digital Pros Four practice tests (two in the book, two online) Provides study plans that you can customize to fit your needs Gives you access to an AP Planner app that can be used alongside the book (the app also includes daily assignments and extra practice questions) Important equations are listed at the beginning of each content chapter Sticks to covering only what you need to know for the test Has friendly and understandable explanations of complex concepts Practice quizzes and a glossary are included at the end of each chapter Cons A few typos in the questions and answer explanations Summary This might be the best AP Chemistry review book available. It’s aligned well with the current format of the test, and it isn’t too skimpy or too dense with information. It also provides great instructions for structuring your studying, which is helpful if you consider yourself less of an organized student. You could also throw down some extra dollars for the elite version to get a set of five-minute activities designed to reinforce important AP Chem facts and ideas, but honestly, the regular version is perfectly adequate for most students' needs. Rating: 9.5/10 The Best AP Chemistry Book for Short-Term Review Crash Course (REA) Price: $13 print, $10 digital Pros Good test-taking tips for both multiple-choice and free-response questions Focuses exclusively on what you need to know for the exam Thorough in its explanations while sticking to the point and not becoming too long-winded Aligns well with the most recent updates to the AP Chemistry curriculum Cons Doesn’t offer many practice materials May have too narrow of a focus for students who want a review book that will help them on smaller in-class tests Summary This is a strong AP Chemistry review book due to its intense focus on the most important concepts to understand before the test. There’s a reason why it's called "Crash Course": it's meant to be used for a quick review, so it covers the material as efficiently as possible without any fluff. If you’re looking for help with more specific in-class assignments, you should probably supplement it with another book, but overall it’s a great tool to have in your arsenal. The only complaint I’ve seen is that, similar to 5 Steps to a 5, it doesn’t contain a ton of practice problems. You may have to turn to additional resources to test your knowledge further. Rating: 9/10 The Best Book for Practice Questions: AP Chemistry Practice Questions (Sterling Test Prep) Price: $24 print Pros 900 practice questions Great coverage of all the topics and types of questions you’ll see on the exam Useful test-taking tips at the beginning Online resources frequently and consistently updated (every 4-6 weeks) with user feedback! Cons It’s basically just practice questions with a couple of testing tips, so there’s no content overview or advice on how to structure your studying Summary This book is exactly what it says it is. It's an awesome practice resource that can be used alongside other review books. It’s also great if you already feel confident about the concepts but are looking for some extra practice. Rating: 9/10 for quality of questions, but you need to get another review book if you still don’t fully understand the material Supplementary AP Chemistry Review Books Cracking the AP Chemistry Exam (Princeton Review) Price: $14 print, $12 digital Pros Good advice on how to create a study plan and approach different types of questions Content is organized by the six "Big Ideas" of the course (major themes of AP Chemistry that were established in the most recent updates to the curriculum) Two full-length practice tests as well as practice multiple-choice and free-response questions at the end of each content chapter Sticks to what you actually need to know for the exam Practice problems are high-quality and replicate the content of the exam fairly well Cons Some students complain that it’s too sparse on answer explanations, particularly for math calculations It goes through the content relatively quickly and tends to skim the surface on a lot of topics People have noted that there are some factual errors in the book Summary This book is good for practice problems and light review if you already have a solid handle on the material. It's not so good if you’re still confused about complex concepts. Overall, it's a useful review book, but it's not one that will cover all of your bases if you're looking for more guidance. Rating: 7/10 Barron’s AP Chemistry 8th Edition Price: $25 print Pros Six practice tests (three diagnostic tests, three full-length practice exams) Helps you to effectively identify where you need improvement Cons Some errors in practice tests Goes outside the scope of the material you need to know for the test so could be a bit of a time-waster Questions more difficult than the real test (although this could be a positive depending on how you see things) Summary This review book has a big problem with errors in its practice tests. It also covers too much material, so it will over-prepare you for the AP exam. If you want a challenge and are really interested in chemistry, you could potentially benefit from this book, but I don't think it's as strong as the other titles on this list. Rating: 5/10 Which AP Chemistry Book Is Best for YOU? If you plan on buying a review book, you should make sure it fits your needs first. Most students will find the 5 Steps to to a 5 or Crash Course books helpful. I’d recommend 5 Steps to a 5 if you have at least a few months before the test and are still feeling confused about many of the concepts. Crash Course is better if you have less time to prepare and want a quicker review of everything you need to know. If you get the Crash Course book, you should also consider buying the book of practice questions from Sterling Test Prep to hone your skills. In fact, I think anyone would benefit from having a book of practice questions as a resource in addition to a traditional review book. The books from Princeton Review and Barron’s are moderately helpful, but they wouldn’t be my top choices. If you’re an intense student and are interested in learning more detailed information about chemistry, you might like the Barron’s book. If you’re just looking for an efficient review of the topics on the test, however, it's not the best resource. Cracking the AP Chemistry exam is slightly more helpful, but it goes a little too far in the opposite direction and skims over some of the material. I don’t recommend it for students who are still struggling with complex concepts in chemistry. Overall, I think you should start with one or two of the first three books in this article, and branch out into the others if you need more practice materials! What's Next? Read this article to learn more about the AP Chemistry exam, including its format, content, and scoring guidelines. Taking the Chemistry subject test in addition to the AP exam? Find out how subject tests and AP tests differ and which are more important for college. Need some help organizing your AP Chem studying? We have the ultimate AP Chemistry study guide and notes to study with, along with this primer on how to balance chemical equations. Still not sure whether you should sign up for two or three AP classes next year? This guide will tell you how many AP classes to take based on your goals for college. Considering the pre-med track in college? We have advice for how to start preparing for pre-med in high school here, along with this rundown of the 7 books you should read as a pre-med student. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Definition and Examples of the Plain Style in English

Definition and Examples of the Plain Style in English In rhetoric, the term plain style refers to speech or writing that is simple, direct, and straightforward. Also known as the  low style, the scientific style, the simple style, and the Senecan style. In contrast to the grand style, the plain style does not rely heavily on figurative language. The plain style is commonly associated with the matter-of-fact delivery of information, as in most  technical writing. According to Richard Lanham, the three central values of the plain style are Clarity, Brevity, and Sincerity, the C-B-S theory of prose (Analyzing Prose, 2003). That said, literary critic Hugh Kenner has characterized plain prose, the plain style as the most disorienting form of discourse yet invented (The Politics of the Plain, 1985). Observations and Examples I am glad you think my style plain . I never, in any one page or paragraph, aimed at making it anything else, or giving it any other merit- and I wish people would leave off talking about its beauty. If it has any, it is only pardonable at being unintentional. The greatest possible merit of style is, of course, to make the words absolutely disappear into the thought.(Nathaniel Hawthorne, letter to an editor, 1851) The only way to write plainly, as a worker should, would be to write like [George] Orwell. But the plain style is a middle-class accomplishment, got by arduous and educated rhetorical effects.(Frank Kermode, History and Value. Oxford University Press, 1988)The plain style . . . is completely unadorned. It is straightforward and void of any figures of speech. It is the style of much contemporary newspaper prose. Cicero thought it was best suited for teaching, and indeed, the plain style is the idiom of the best schoolbooks of our age.(Kenneth Cmiel, Democratic Eloquence: The Fight Over Popular Speech in Nineteenth-Century America. University of California Press, 1990) The Power of the Plain Style In political language, plainness is powerful. Of the people, by the people, for the people. Ask not what your country can do for you. I have a dream. This is especially so for language designed to be heard, like speeches and debate exchanges, rather than read from a page. People absorb and retain information in smaller increments through the ear than through the eye. Thus the classic intonations of every major religion have the simple, repetitive cadence also found in the best political speeches. In the beginning. And it was good. Let us pray.†(James Fallows, Who Will Win? The Atlantic, October, 2016) Cicero on the Plain Style Just as some women are said to be handsomer when unadorned- this very lack of ornament becomes them- so the plain style gives pleasure when unembellished. . . . All noticeable ornament, pearls as it were, will be excluded; not even curling irons will be used. All cosmetics, artificial white and red, will be rejected. Only elegance and neatness will remain. The language will be pure Latin, plain and clear; propriety will always be the chief aim.(Cicero, De Oratore) The Rise of the Plain Style in English At the beginning of the 17th century, the Senecan plain style enjoyed a significant and widespread boost in prestige: this came from playwrights like [Ben] Jonson, low-church divines (who equated ornate persuasion with deceit), and, above all, scientists. Francis Bacon was particularly effective in associating Senecan plainness with the aims of empiricism and inductive method: the new science demanded a prose in which as few words as possible interfered with the presentation of object reality.(David Rosen, Power, Plain English, and the Rise of Modern Poetry, Yale University Press, 2006)The Royal Societys Prescription for a Plain StyleIt will suffice my present purpose to point out what has been done by the Royal Society towards the correcting of its excesses in Natural Philosophy . . ..They have, therefore, been most rigorous in putting in execution the only Remedy that can be found for this extravagance, and that has been a constant Resolution to reject all the amplifications, digre ssions, and swellings of style: to return back to the primitive purity, and shortness, when men delivered so many things almost in an equal number of words. They have exacted from all their members, a close, naked, natural way of speaking; positive expressions, clear senses, a native easiness; bringing all things as near the Mathematical plainness as they can: and preferring the language of Artizans, Countrymen, and Merchants, before that, of Wits, or Scholars.(Thomas Sprat, The History of the Royal Society, 1667) Example of the Plain Style: Jonathan Swift [B]ecause it is idle to propose remedies before we are assured of the disease, or to be in fear till we are convinced of the danger, I shall first show in general that the nation is extremely corrupted in religion and morals; and then I will offer a short scheme for the reformation of both.As to the first, I know it is reckoned but a form of speech when divines complain of the wickedness of the age; however, I believe, upon a fair comparison with other times and countries, it would be found an undoubted truth.For, first, to deliver nothing but plain matter of fact, without exaggeration or satire, I suppose it will be granted that hardly one in a hundred among our people of quality or gentry appears to act by any principle of religion; that great numbers of them do entirely discard it, and are ready to own their disbelief of all revelation in ordinary discourse. Nor is the case much better among the vulgar, especially in great towns, where the profaneness and ignorance of handicraftsm en, small traders, servants, and the like, are to a degree very hard to be imagined greater. Then it is observed abroad that no race of mortals have so little sense of religion as the English soldiers; to confirm which, I have been often told by great officers of the army that in the whole compass of their acquaintance they could not recollect three of their profession who seemed to regard or believe one syllable of the gospel: and the same at least may be affirmed of the fleet. The consequences of all which upon the actions of men are equally manifest. They never go about as in former times to hide or palliate their vices, but expose them freely to view like any other common occurrences of life, without the least reproach from the world or themselves. . . .(Jonathan Swift, A Project for the Advancement of Religion and the Reformation of Manners, 1709) Example of the Plain Style: George Orwell Modern English, especially written English, is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can be avoided if one is willing to take the necessary trouble. If one gets rid of these habits one can think more clearly, and to think clearly is a necessary first step towards political regeneration: so that the fight against bad English is not frivolous and is not the exclusive concern of professional writers. I will come back to this presently, and I hope that by that time the meaning of what I have said here will have become clearer.(George Orwell, Politics and the English Language, 1946) Hugh Kenner on the Disorienting Plain Style of Swift and Orwell Plain prose, the plain style, is the most disorienting form of discourse yet invented by man. Swift in the 18th century, George Orwell in the 20th are two of its very few masters. And both were political writers- theres a connection. . . .Plain style is a populist style and one that suited writers like Swift, Mencken, and Orwell. Homely diction is its hallmark, also one-two-three syntax, the show of candor and the artifice of seeming to be grounded outside language in what is called fact- the domain where a condemned man can be observed as he silently avoids a puddle [in Orwells A Hanging] and your prose will report the observation and no one will doubt it. Such prose simulates the words anyone who was there and awake might later have spoken spontaneously. On a written page, . . . the spontaneous can only be a contrivance. . . .The plain style feigns a candid observer. Such is its great advantage for persuading. From behind its mask of calm candor, the writer with political intention s can appeal, in seeming disinterest, to people whose pride is their no-nonsense connoisseurship of fact. And such is the trickiness of language that he may find he must deceive them to enlighten them. . . .What the masters of the plain style demonstrate is how futile is anyones hope of subduing humanity to an austere ideal. Straightness will prove crooked, the gain will be short-term, vision will be fabrication and simplicity an intricate contrivance. Likewise, no probity, no sincerity, can ever subdue the inner contradictions of speaking plainly.(Hugh Kenner, The Politics of the Plain. The New York Times, September 15, 1985)

Revolutionary Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Revolutionary Era - Essay Example The user interface of the website is quite friendly and data has been arranged under multiple headings linked to separate pages. For instance, the correlation of slavery to the constitution leading to a revolutionary war is presented in detail on a separate page. The Laughter Genealogy website contains historical material including maps, photos and articles about early North America. This website is a great source of information for researchers seeking genealogy, books and military resources. However, the complexity of website makes it hard to find an article of interest. The information ranges from recent news articles to earlier American history explorations. Little effort has been made to keep the menus simple and relevant. Additionally, the recency and authenticity of the presented information is also questionable with a number of errors corrected by audience from time to time. However, as a reference and research center, it contains various valuable historical images not availab le in many other resources. Both of these websites are providing history scholars with a very comprehensive and in-depth knowledge of American history. However, they still cannot be regarded as complete resources on American history. The controversial questions raised and discussed in Digital History website articles should be researched deeply and presented thoroughly to avoid bias and confusions among scholars.

Homeland Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Homeland Security - Essay Example The essay "Homeland Security" talks about the illegal border crossings and human smuggling that are considered as imminent threats to homeland security. Within the context of the United States, the foretold issues are most important because they are interconnected with a global spread of terrorism. The problem of illegal border crossing and human smuggling are interconnected because the illegal immigrants seek the help of the human smugglers to enter the U.S. Zhang, makes clear that â€Å"In recent years human smugglers have focused their efforts on recruiting willing U.S. citizens to provide transportation services in the border area†. Besides, illegal border crossings mainly occur through the Mexican and Canadian borders. Most of the states in U.S. face the problem illegal immigration but the problem in severe in California, New York, and Illinois. The restrictions on immigration imposed by the federal government resulted in large scale illegal border crossings. The Southern border of the U.S. is used by the Mexicans for border crossing. The same route is used for human smuggling from different parts of the world. Illegal border crossings and human smuggling are controlled by powerful gangs for a profitable business. The flow of the illegal immigrants into the US is in terconnected with the phenomena of transnational population relocation. The problems surrounding the illegal alien in the US require a global view and suggest more diverse strategies than the history of immigration Law enforcement.

Railroad history Essay Example for Free

Railroad history Essay The reasons why Villard failed to build a profitable railroad was that he never bothered to study much about railroads so he made many mistakes such as, he rushed to the wilderness to collect his subsidies he thought that by building the rail on an area with a beautiful view he would attract tourism in the area and so they would pay handsomely to tour, so he chose to build in the northwest because of its beauty. This increased the cost of building the railroad because he had to increase the bends, the steepness and the length of the railroad to be able to take in the rocky Mountain View. Villard also did create in areas around the hot springs in broad water county, Montana and at Bozeman costly health spas. This and more expensive buildings and structures made Villard go broke because the tourist opted to visit else where. Though the federal aid and foreign investors had given Villard some space for mistakes he made way too many. He was so eager to rush to the coast that he built when the cost of materials and construction in whole was very stiff. High cost amounts to high rates and this hindered the tourists from traveling through the NP. Railroad acted as an alternative mode of transport which farmers used to travel from rural areas to the urban market whenever they had need, they also used the railroad to transport their produce thus interacting with people from other parts of the country. As the railroad changed people’s experiences, it also changed the time concepts. If a person wanted to travel from point A to point B it became more faster than pre railroad days where one had to use horses on bad road, board a steamboat, Railroads decreased the cost of distance and increased the value of time.

My Fifth Year Of Highschool :: essays research papers

With dim lights hanging over green felt-covered tables on one side of the room and loud, blinking arcade games on the other, and music blaring from a jukebox, there was no way I was ever going to leave the university. Only a dollar twenty-five to play pool here for an hour! And when it wasn’t my turn, I could go and play pinball! Every day, hundreds of students hung around the arcade, shouting, laughing and looking to challenge someone to a game of pool or a shot at beating you on an arcade game. Yes, I came away from there many times with a bigger ego. I never left after being defeated-you just had to find someone else and beat him or her. I lost a lot of money in that gloomy basement amidst the cracking of pool balls and the beeping of video games. But I took something out of it too. In a way, all the money I lost was paying for what I know now: an arcade should not substitute for college, even if the arcade is in the basement of the student union. As a freshman at the University of Arizona, I at first found myself awed by the power of college: The flocks of people-students and professors alike-mingling on the mall, in the buildings, and in the Student Union. And in the early weeks of my first semester, I quickly found my favorite place on campus: the arcade. Billiards, table tennis, video games, and music. All the trademarks of a college student’s recreation area. It was in these first few weeks that my impression was made about the university. When friends or relatives would ask me questions such as â€Å"How’s college?† or â€Å"What’s school like?† I would tell them what I really thought. I would say, â€Å"It’s like high school, but with a lot more people, a bigger campus, and a lot of time in between your classes.† And that is the plain truth. My class work did not offer much of a challenge-it was more or less the same stuff I’d been seeing for years. The professors weren’t that big of a deal-they were much like high school teachers, but you got to call them by their first name. And the number one best thing about going to college? I didn’t always have to go! That’s right: attendance in some of my classes wasn’t even mandatory.

Labour market research

Within the health, sector nurses constitute the largest proportion and it is important to appreciate the work that nurses do. They care for patients in private clinics, hospitals and at homes. Besides the bedside care they provide to patients nurses educate the public on disease prevention, health issues, home based care, and even give mental and emotional support for terminally ill patients. These services provided may seem simplistic but in their absence, the effects are devastatingly profound. In this paper I choose to research on the nursing labor market in Texas and seek to determine how nursing wages are calculated, factors that influence the supply and demand of nurse’s position, how a nurses pay is determined and possibly recommended some actions that could increase the supply of nurses in Texas.According to the Texas centered for nursing work force studies (TCNWS) the number of registered nurses in Texas stands at about 146,000-plus who work on either part time or ful l time basis in health care settings.   This constitutes the largest proportion of the work force in the state.   Of the 146,000 registered nurses, 66% are employed in inpatient and outpatient hospitals.   The remaining 34% are either self-employed or work in home based care, nursing schools, military institutions or school institutionsAlthough RN profession is the largest in Texas there has been concerns raised over the unprecedented shortage of nurses and it seems the gap between supply and demand will continue to rise. Stabilizing strategies should be implemented to bridge this gap.Factors determining supply and demand of nurse’s positionAn increase in the number of aging population has increased the demand of health care facilities and per person nursing services.   Between 1990 and 2005, the number of people aged 65 years increased from 23% to 30.5 percent; this is according to a TCNW report. (2006)Secondly is an increase in the population in Texas owing to incre ased births and immigrants, aliens and migrants from other states.   In the 1990s, the population was 17 million people. Today it stands at approximately 23.5 million and it is projected that by 2015 the population should stand or teach 28 million.   Consequently, demand for nursing services has increased.Thirdly, retired and aging nurses.   In the past, the number of people who chose nursing profession as a career was few. Today most people choose to join lucrative professions such as law and doctors.   As such, there occurred a shortage in nurses.   The current nurses are aged and demand for replacements is high as they look to retirement. .   So, how does a shortage in nurses occur? Few nurses entering the nursing profession as compared to aging nurses exiting the profession.   Difficulty to attract and retain nurses by employers.   Few nurses qualified to provide acute services, advanced practice research and unwillingness to relocate to rural areasThe scenario a t the national level is similar to that in Texas.   The increasing senior population, more immigrants, retirement of baby boomers and few qualified nurses increase demand for nursesRecommendations to increase supply of nurses The shortage of RN will continue to prevail and increase unless drastic measures are taken. The solutions to the shortage of nurses are varied depending on the causes of the shortage. Some hospitals have already implemented strategies to address these shortage   These include increasing the number of full time employees in nursing programs and also to increase enrolments into nursing programs and the number of students who graduate from them.   This would replace the aged, retired or dead nurses.Image is everything and if hospitals want to retain and attract new nurses, they have to rebuild the image.   For example better pay packages and incentives, attractive overtime pay, flexible working times, better working conditions, motivation program, recruiti ng aged nurses, mentorship and role modeling etc. implementation of loan forgiveness programs, which lure nurses to less attractive areas like rural areasDetermining of Nurses PayA fair and equitable salary and wages rate should be satisfactory to both employee and employers considerations should be guided by the slogan ‘fair days pay for a fair day’s work’ That is, a salary that is commensurate to input and can sufficiently provide for basic needs, and cater for future ambitions, is that constitutes fair pay. The labor market as other markets is sensitive to forces of demand and supply.These forces among other factors determine price (wage rate) and quantity (number of people in the market). In Texas nurses, salaries are high given that it is a rural area. Most nurses are unwilling to relocate to Texas. This has led to higher salaries in order to woo more people to the profession. The level of experience is important in determining salary scale. A highly experie nced nurse earns more than an inexperienced one. In addition, external factors beyond an organization also have a hand in contributing to setting prices.They include the cost of living, value of the job, economic conditions, presence of unions, laws etc. (Delaney 2006) some hospitals consider the regional pay differentials and pay according to the cost of living in the area. Legislative requirements dictate the minimum level of pay also determine salary rate. Unions have strong bargaining power and influence employers’ decision on amount of salary in a unionized labor market such as nursing. Overall salary determination is a complex issue and the determining factors vary across states.ReferenceDelaney, B (2000) Human Resources: Importance of External Factors in WageDetermination. Retrieved on August, 24, 2007 www.hr.com/†¦/pay_strategies/base_pay/importance_of_external_factors_in_wage_determination_eng.htmlThe Supply of and Demand for Registered Nurses and Nurse Graduate s in Texas: Report to the Texas Legislature Texas Department of State Health Services, Texas Center for Nursing Workforce Studies. Electronic Publication No. E25-12513, p.1) available at http://www.dhs.state.tx.us/chs/cnws/sb132rep.pdf   accessed on August, 24, 2007

Discourse Analysis on Winston Churchill and Tony Blair

Section 1 1. 1 In this essay, I will be conducting a discourse analysis on a speech made by Winston Churchill in the 1940s, when he informed the British public that they will be entering war. I will use sociological research which examines the discourse of politics to supply context for this speech. My research topic is to discover in this essay is how Prime Ministers use persuasive techniques to win the support of the people.To achieve this, I will be comparing Churchill’s speech to Tony Blair’s speech in 2003 when he declared war on Iraq, to see what changes and similarities of discourses there are, regarding persuading and gaining the support of the people. 1. 2 The consideration of the audience and their specific thoughts and feelings is certainly an essential theme when making a speech. Politicians use the spoken word to rule, inform, strengthen and communicate with the public in order to implement their own, or their party’s politics.As van Dijk puts it, â €Å"social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context (2001: 352). † If we are the people who vote to put these politicians in power, we ought to become more aware of the strategies and tactics behind their speeches. This will give us more opportunity of making a fair judgement of the real meaning of the message, rather than the persuasive and deceiving language that often clouds our judgement.I will be using critical discourse analysis and rhetorical political analysis as it is an approach that is suitable for written texts and helpful for discovering institutional meanings that lay hidden within rhetorical strategies. This method will facilitate me in finding the ideological dimension of discourse within the speeches I am analyzing (Cameron 2001:123). 1. 3Using critical discourse analysis I will analyse how the language used in political speeches functions as a type of social practice tha t â€Å"constructs the objects of which it purports to speak (Cameron 2001:123)†.We can apply critical discourse analysis to expose the ways discourse is interwoven with society and culture, Wodak notes â€Å"society and culture are shaped by discourse, and at the same time constitute discourse (Wodak 2000:146)†. The use of language can reproduce or transform society and culture and it can also be ideological. A way to discover its ideological qualities is by exploring their â€Å"interpretation, reception and social effects (Wodak 2000:146)†. By xamining speeches made by Winston Churchill and Tony Blair, I will seek to find the ideological messages that lie beneath their rhetoric language and uncover in what way their statements have persuaded the British public and if their discourses have gained the public’s support. 1. 4We now turn to the second indentified approach outlined in the introduction, rhetorical political analysis. It particularly focuses o n the character and nature of rhetoric and its position in political analysis. Rhetorical style is concerned with the arrangement of the narrative.Johannesson (2000:65) refers to numerous ways of forming a classical rhetoric speech; both Churchill and Blair use ‘disposito’, giving their argument structure; and ‘narratio’, giving the listener essential background information. Historically, rhetorical has been used since the ancient Greek and Roman times and the Great philosopher Aristotle wrote a rhetoric textbook where he established the goals of this discipline. The old laws of the rhetoric lived on in the modern world mostly in politics, and the battles of the Second World War were not just fought on land, but also on the air by great orators such as Hitler and Churchill.Both Churchill and Blair use many of the classic rhetorical structures when delivering their speeches which I will examine further in the next section. Section 2 2. 1 On the 13th May 1940 was Churchill’s first radio broadcast as Prime Minister with the direct audience being the British public. This was a live broadcast, with the objective to inform the nation of the upcoming attack on Britain by the Germans. It becomes apparent that Churchill’s key intention here is to persuade the nation in becoming actively involved in the war.His reasons of calling upon the nation as a whole were because all men were needed to fight, not just those who were in the army. Churchill was possibly attempting to involve every individual in the war, as his speech shows, â€Å"There will be many men and women on this island who when the ordeal comes upon them, as come it will, will feel comfort and even pride that they are sharing the perils of the lads at the front. † (13. 05. 40. ) He convinces the country to remain optimistic by saying â€Å"We may look with confidence to the stabilization of the front in France. † (13. 05. 40).On the 4th June 1940, Churchi ll spoke to the House of Commons; who were his target audience, however there was also the wider audience of the nation. Conscious that the speech would be made public, Churchill did not exclusively turn to the audience – members of the House of Commons but rather he was addressing the outside audience with a clear goal to diminish the will of resistance among the British and conveying out a message to the USA to join the war with Britain. The speech made by Tony Blair to the House of Commons on 18th March 2003, was most likely one of the most important speeches of his years as the Prime Minister.This was a speech with the sole intention to persuade his audience – Parliament – to vote for Britain to participate in the war in Iraq. Blair would not have been able to declare war without having the support of the Parliament, therefore it was crucial to gain their vote. The main audience of Blair’s speech in 2003 were the British public. During this live broad cast, Blair told the nation that military action had already begun in Iraq. He attempted to convince the British public that he had made the right decision in sending troops to fight, thus trying to justify his actions.Although the people of Britain were the direct audience, it is possible that Blair was reaching to a wider world wide audience. In his speech Blair addresses the people of Iraq directly saying â€Å"I hope the Iraqi people hear this message, our enemy is not you, but your barbarous rulers. † (20. 03. 03) Even though Churchill and Blair’s speeches are slightly different concerning their goals, both use similar methods in order to persuade the British public. In the following sections I will analyse and consider the persuasive techniques I feel are of most significance.They include the use of personal pronouns, rhetorical style, repetition and parallelism with a brief discussion of the delivery of speech. 2. 2 Personal pronouns are very much linked with po wer and solidarity, therefore the choice of pronoun that each Prime Minister uses replicates this. When talking to the nation and the House of Commons both Churchill and Blair use the first person pronoun ‘I’ on numerous times. ‘I’ tends to be used by both leaders much more often when addressing the House of Commons. The other first person pronouns which were used were ‘Me’ and ‘My. ‘My’ was used when each leader was putting across their personal beliefs and opinions, such as Blair’s hatred for Saddam, â€Å"My detestation of Saddam. † (Blair 18th March 2003) ‘Me’ has similar functions to ‘I’ as it symbolises the speaker and demonstrates that he is committing himself to his pledge. Wales (1996:66) said it is usually used to refer to the speaker and third parties who may not be present in the current situation. The use of ‘we’ can be exploited to contribute the responsibilit y. The general use of ‘we’ refers to the speaker and the listener.Through the use of inclusive ‘we’ we can see how the leader’s assume to speak on the audience’s behalf, for example â€Å"We must not allow ourselves to be intimidated by the presence of these armoured vehicles†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Churchill 13th May 1940) Churchill uses ‘we’ inclusively numerous times to refer to himself and the people of Britain as one which in turn encourage solidarity. It is used most often by both leaders with the aim to persuade the audience to work as a team, by saying collective statements, for example â€Å"we will† â€Å"we shall† and so forth.Both Churchill and Blair tend to use ‘we’ with the double implication that they are not only speaking on behalf of their party but also on behalf of their audience. 2. 3 Churchill uses methods of persuasion through reasoning; here he aims to calm the British, arguing their brief safety using rational reasoning: â€Å"We must never forget the solid assurances of sea power and those which belong to air power if it can be locally exercised. † (Churchill, paragraph 22) Its noted by Atkinson (1984:37) from his analysis of speeches that one of the most frequent means of extracting agreement is what he calls a â€Å"list of three. In political speeches lists of three are usually easy to remember â€Å"Of our country, of our Empire, of our Allies. † (Churchill’s address to the nation 13th May 1940) Throughout his speeches Churchill has a tendency to use three part lists, as it makes the speech more memorable and therefore more likely to persuade the audience. In Blair’s speech to the House of Commons, he uses a two-part list, â€Å"No to any ultimatum; no to any resolution. † (18th March 2003) In a way we can see how these lists function in the similar way to parallelism, as they serve to emphasise the point being made.Three par t lists are memorable for both the speaker and the listener as they are rooted in some cultures as encouraging a sense of solidarity and totality. The final category of persuasion is persuasion through the art of reasoning. Blair uses this method much more than Churchill. During his speech, Blair discusses a series of events to the House of Commons notifying them of Saddam Hussain’s actions. We can see how Blair felt it imperative to include factual information, as this was the only way to justify his actions for urging Britain to go to war. 2. Churchill and Blair both perform the characteristics of a strong, virtuous leader. Churchill – who led the last free European nation against Hitler, dares to confront the apparently relentless Nazi attack on Europe – in so doing so, Churchill offered hope of freedom to the British people. Churchill’s choice of words and tone were very dramatic, and he used emotionally charged words to get to the heart of the people . Churchill’s soundbite holds identical features as the Blair equivalents to his manifesto, â€Å"Tough on crime and tough on the causes of crime. † (4. 07. 1993).Both leader’s use the Aristotelian three main ‘means of persuasion’ through the arousal of emotion, the persuasion through reasoning and persuasion through personality and stance. Rhythm is one of the key features when analysing at the speeches, as this is what makes them flowing and thus effective. The use of lists of three memorable words and repetition of the main issues adds to the rhythm of the speech. Churchill generally uses the list of three and repetition more than Blair, therefore his speeches are more rhythmic. A very important and smart method used by both Churchill and Blair is the use of repetition and parallelism.Both Churchill and Blair used this device in order to gain their audiences support. One of the main reasons why Churchill’s speech to the House of Commons is convincing is because of his use of structural parallelism at the end of his speech, â€Å"We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, We shall fight on the seas and oceans, We shall fight with growing confidence in the air, We shall fight on the beaches, We shall fight on the landing grounds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Churchill 4th June 1940) In contrast, Blair’s does not use the structural parallelism in his speech to the House of Commons to the extent Churchill does.However Blair does use repetition to implement his point is, for example: â€Å"It is dangerous if such regimes disbelieve us, Dangerous if they think they can use our weakness, our hesitation even the natural urges of our democracy towards peace against us, Dangerous because one day†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (18th March 2003) Blair also repeats the word ‘dangerous’ in order to reiterate his aim and convince his audience that if they do not agree to war, they will be facing a dangerous state of affairs.Section 3 3. 1 Comparing Churchill’s and Blair’s speeches I have shown that there are many resemblances in the way they deliver speeches such as, explaining in honesty, the seriousness of the threat and how they both describe the enemy as evil, but also in putting their causes in a global context and in terms of using rhetorical devices, they both use repetition, soundbites, contrastive pairs and the â€Å"list of three†. The â€Å"list of three† is a perfect device when declaring war.The inclusiveness and stress of national solidarity and unity is what a leader needs to communicate and restore faith with the people. The major difference between the two leaders is that Blair uses the inclusive approach towards the world and possible allies, whereas Churchill speaks more exclusively for Britain solely. This also shows the difference in the times the speeches were made, as when Churchill made his speech it would have only reached the British public.In comparison, Blair’s speech was televised globally, therefore he must address the audience more inclusively to make it relevant for the listeners. Although Blair’s speech could be said to build on the works of Churchill such as using the same rhetorical devices, being a well composed oratory and being expertly performed, ultimately, it is always the circumstances under which a speech is delivered that will give the speaker and the speech their rightfully earned respect. 3. To conclude, critical discourse analysis is a suitable method to analyse political speeches as it sees language as social practices, and as productive of knowledge which maintains power. It is particularly concerned with language used in political speeches and the media so it is not just context specific, but audience-specific. However, a disadvantage is although it had implications for individual language use, there are words and phrases they use which may not be applicable in 30 years time, as language is forev er evolving.The limits of discourse analysis is that it does not give us a representation of the persons proposed psychological state, it instead focuses on power in a social context and how this is made through language, how it is challenged and recycled. I believe the use of language analysis related to social concepts could be more expanded by having studies made into how social situations themselves cause the discourse we use, also investigating how new meanings are given to words and what social implications they have in society. Bibliography: Books:Atkinson, J (1985) Structures of Social Action: Cambridge University Press Cameron, Deborah Working with spoken discourse: Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge. Gee, J. P. (2005). An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method. London: Routledge Seale, Clive (2004) Researching society and culture: Sage Publications Ltd; Second Edition Wodak, Ruth (2000) Methods of Text and Discourse Analysis: London, Sage Publications Wood, Linda A. (2000) Doing Discourse Analysis: Sage Publications Articles and Websites:Egbert. J Baker: ‘Grammar As Interpretation: Greek Literature in Its Linguistic Contexts’ (1997) http://books. google. co. uk/books? id=L8VmSJeZCw0C&pg=PA175&lpg=PA175&dq=we+shall+fight+on+the+beaches+discourse+analysis&source=bl&ots=Kpm7QW94Mk&sig=1i_rPybz_RMBd1l_WB0nkeXWsso&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IOzqUKKeLoqU0QXYkoGQAw&ved=0CGwQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=we%20shall%20fight%20on%20the%20beaches%20discourse%20analysis&f=false (online book) Fairclough & Wodak: Critical discourse analysis  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Linguistics and English Language (1997) www. ing. lancs. ac. uk/staff/norman/critdiscanalysis. doc (online word document) Guardian: Full text: Tony Blair's speech (2003) http://www. guardian. co. uk/politics/2003/mar/18/foreignpolicy. iraq1 (website article) Language in use: Sir Winston Churchill â€Å"We shall fight them on the beaches†

The Lord Of the Flies Essays

The Lord Of the Flies Essays The Lord Of the Flies Paper The Lord Of the Flies Paper Essay Topic: Literature What are boys like? This is a question often asked by various people. How do they behave both individually and in a group situation, particularly a dangerous and unfamiliar one like this? Are they different to adults. What would happen if, during a full-scale nuclear war, a group of boys, of contrasting characters, were given the chance of a new start a new Eden? Would they behave any differently? Is conflict inevitable? The Lord Of the Flies was set in a period where the tensions between the USSR (United Soviet States of Russia) and the USA (United States of America) were at their height and this book attempts to answer all of these questions, but are the answers presented accurate, and if so, how far? The reader quickly becomes aware of the range of personalities on the island Ralph immediately is portrayed as a leading figure as he seems to command Piggy, sucks to your ass-mar, although it could be seen as a sign of frustration or a put-down, and surveys the situation that they a re in realistically: He must have flown off after he dropped us. He couldnt land here. Not in a plane with wheels When Ralph uses the conch to call the other boys he proves that he is taking charge. He proves that he is cool-headed and able to rationalise. Most boys, when left for a time without the restraints of the adult world, develop a hierarchy, or pecking order extremely quickly and when Jack appears, rivalry develops: I ought to be chief, said Jack with simple arrogance, because Im chapter chorister and head boy. I can sing C sharp. Here jack doesnt explicitly tell them that his future plans are to create a dictatorship, it is more a case announcing his leadership qualifications. Jack wants a tribe where everyone worships him and obeys his orders, like the chapel choir. If boys were left in a situation like this, where a gang of youths were forced to be with other boys, then they would assume that the others would follow their example. As Jack is the leader of this gang then he assumes that he will lead the other boys. Ralph tells the boys of how they will be rescued soon if they build a fire and therefore the boys follow him as he is saying what they want to hear. Initially the boys behave well when they are placed outside the controls and restrictions of the adult world with no adult authority. Piggy is the first to attempt to sustain a civilised society, as he tries to imply the rules and laws of the adult society into the boys society. One instance is when he suggests writing down the names of the boys. In a group of boys, especially such a cross-section as Golding presents, there is always a realistic member who is determined to create the perfect society. Piggy is this member as on numerous occasions he tries to prevent the boys from descending into savagery, which will be rooted in the text later. This works initially, mainly because of the nature of their meeting, as this is, in effect, a disaster. After a major incident, boys seem to look to their leaders for encouragement and the message from Ralph is to create an ordered society. The reason for Ralph following this path is because his father was in the Royal Navy and therefore has had to mature quickly as he has probably not had a father figure and therefore is a great deal wiser than his years suggest. Ralph also offers the prospect of rescue. In fact he promises rescue, he tells the boys what they probably want to hear and therefore they follow him. The solution to the rivalry between Ralph and Jack is to split the tribe of boys into two groups, the hunters and the non-hunters. This works initially as the dictator can never accept that people are better, or even equal to him and this allow Jack to follow his own ambitions. A famous expression demonstrates this aspect of political reality: You can please some of the people all of the time, and you can please all of the people some of the time; but you cant please all of the people all off the time. Ralph is the only rival to Jack and his first impression of Ralph is one of dislike: What he saw did not please him. They are very different characters and they symbolise the two futures for the tribe. The black cloak, his tall thin and bony structure is complimented by his red hair and black cap, giving Jack the overall impression of a dictator. This bears a slightly ghostly, spectral appearance, similar to the grim reaper! He orders his choir as if they were troops. Jacks primitive instincts are never far away, and they quickly become central to his concept of survival. These are to hunt and kill the pig, disregarding the rules of society. Like any group of boys, they think that rules are there to be broken. Ralph believes in democracy and is mature, elegant and a natural leader and whereas Jack wanted to be leader automatically, Ralph, the democrat, wanted an election. In any society, and it is not just true of boys, there is one leader who initially looks appealing because he says the right things, but as time progresses, he becomes less appealing as he is too sensible and doesnt allow for fun. Golding claims here that there are always rivals in society and claims that leaders will order society to fit themselves, in Ralphs case democracy, in Jacks case a thirst for blood and this is true of all groups pf boy, there will be those who set out to exploit others for their own gain. At the end of the first chapter Golding presents Jacks as a bloodthirsty, primitive boy as he throws his knife into a tree to establish order. In any society, there are people that are feared, as they appear to be violent people. Golding shows that Jack is a leader with this statement to prove that he is a leader and that he will not be contradicted by anyone. Golding also shows what kind of a leader he will be as Jack threatens or dares them to contradict, proving that he will be a leader by threats. In the second chapter, Golding uses many techniques to show the inevitable problems of organising a society that is made up of individuals. In the preliminary stages of the book, the boys operated in harmony to build up a fire and the conch filled the boys, especially the younger ones, with awe and wonder. Piggy suggests the building of a shelter and the Government; system is established by Ralph and encouraged by Jack. The problems develop, as with any group of boys, when Jack, Piggy and Ralph develop a different perspective on the uses of a democratic society Ralph wants to use the society to live fairly amongst one another, Jack wishes the rules to be used for control and punishment while Piggy, clearly the most intelligent of the tribe needs the rules to ensure survival of himself and the others. If we were to look at any group of boys, we would find that there would be similar characteristics to those shown by Golding. Golding emphasises that everyone is different in their ideas and that people get on well with each other while they have their own way: Even the smallest boys, unless fruit claimed them, brought little pieces of wood This demonstrates unison for their leaders ideas but they are also distracted by the fruit (their own intentions). Piggy cries for help in the, allegedly, as he would not be helped if this wasnt the case, I got the conch ou let me speak! . As in any society there is a mother figure. Ralph is the one with this calming presence upon the boys. The younger boys fear the beastie and it takes Ralphs best efforts to calm them. There is always a fear that young boys have, and it is usually an exaggerated if not made up fear and they need to be calmed down. Ralph is unlike Piggy, both physically and mentally, as he recognises that the younger boys are a vi tal part of the tribe and is not as pessimistic as Piggy is. The skills demonstrated by Ralph that prove that he is worthy of being a leader are that he has patience, for the young children, diplomacy, as he demonstrates when the issue of the snakes is raised, respecting public opinions, as he shows when he waits for the others to voice their opinions about the snake before voicing his own and he also demonstrates lateral thinking. Ralph has the support of the younger children and, for a short while, Jack. In most groups of boys there is a person like Ralph who is so practical that he is initially an idol, but he quickly descends into a memory of how life used to be when there is a leader whose main focus is having a good time. The older children, apart from Ralph, lose interest very quickly in the younger children. The little-uns spend much of their time being ill, homesick and generally being of little use to anyone. In any gathering of boys of such a wide variety, there will undoubtedly be tensions. The older boys want to socialise with those of their own age group and the younger boys have found that the fun has worn off from the initial thrill of being deserted on a desert island and are now pursuing their ultimate ambition, to enjoy themselves. This attitude frustrates the older boys as Roger and Maurice demonstrate: Roger and Maurice came out of the forest Roger led the way straight through the sandcastles, kicking them over, burying the flowers, scattering the chosen stones. Maurice followed, laughing, and added to the destruction The boys do show some hint that without adults, they would at least have a conscience, even if they fail to heed it: In his other life Maurice had received chastisement for filling a younger eye with sand. Now, though there was no parent to let fall al heavy hand, Maurice still felt the unease of wrong-doing. Golding tries to make the point in this chapter that humans, especially young humans, need something, no matter how improbable, to hold onto. The possibility of a ship visiting the boys is extremely unlikely after a nuclear war but Ralph can almost picture it and the boys have something to cling onto. Ralph almost fantasises about this event claiming that it would be his father who rescues them. This is a demonstration of how humans cope throughout horrendous situations providing that there is hope. The inevitable tension of having of having some non-corrupt boys in a group of corrupt boys sparked the sufficient violence within the boys to resort them to primitive forms of behaviour. The boys have just begun to destroy their world as the adults have destroyed theirs. The boys are solely to blame for the death of Simon as they descended very quickly into savages, they ignore Ralphs commands and go off to find fruit, rather than build the fire. It is possibly fear that motivates them to kill Simon, kindled by Jacks aggressive stance and Piggys constant fatalism. Jack initiates the lust for blood and the boys descend into savagery and so an accident of this nature is not altogether unlikely. The first indication of tension in chapter three is Jacks preoccupation with hunting, despite this particular talent being somewhat new to him. He hunts, not for food, but for his lust for blood. He approaches madness as he describes his obsession with the thrill of the chase, this causes tension between himself and Ralph as the fire remains lit. Ralph then, after realising how obsessed Jack is becoming about the pigs, orders him to build a shelter which is vital for their survival, unlike the pig meat. Jack has descended into savagery, Except for a tattered pair of shorts held up by his knife-belt he was naked. Jack is not prepared to kill at this stage but he lust for blood; From the pig-run came the quick, hard patter of hoofs, a castanet sound, seductive, maddening the promise of meat After this even Jack rushed out of the undergrowth and snatched up his spear. This points to the fact that he panicked instead of acting rationally and approaching stealthily. He quickly loses his temper after this escapade, possibly with himself. The boys become restless, despite Ralphs best efforts as the prospect of more work and no play becomes more and more unappealing. He is struggling to deal with boys who are unable to demonstrate responsibility or care for themselves. Ralph realises how mollycoddled the rest of the boys have been and how much they must mature if they are to survive. All of the boys are choosing the easy option and descending into savagery before Ralphs eyes. Despite claiming that the English are the best at everything, Jack displays a great deal of aggression, probably released by testosterone. The younger boys are showing naivety, as they dont seem to realise the implications of being trapped on a desert island with little chance of rescue. As the book progresses, the boys still obey notions of proper behaviour without any senior authority but without the authoritarian figure, the boys transgress from proper behaviour into savagery. Jack becomes the first to leave the protective boundaries of civilised society, as his successful hunts are, in effect, attempts to succumb to an animalistic nature. The other hunters also descend into savagery as the thrill of violence. Not only are they not content to kill the pig, they feel the urge to mutilate and maim the pig. The hunters are becoming like a separate tribe on the island as they develop their various ideals for life on the island. The conflict between the two sides is also shown as Piggy and Ralph become disgruntled and then furious that the hunters have let the fire die out, especially as it could have been the only chance of rescue that the boys had. Piggy then becomes a martyr as he is persecuted by many of the boys but his presence is vital to the survival of the boys, not only because of his spectacles, but also because of his level-headedness. Piggy seems to keep his schoolboy appearance as his hair remains relatively well kept and this is in stark contrast to the other boys who grow more dishevelled. Jacks lust for violence is shown when he punches Piggy as he has developed an increasingly violent nature as he has control of his hunters. Ralphs first mistake was to trust in human nature and hope that Jack would comply with his ideologies, a fatal mistake, almost literally. Democracy is completely shattered when the ship is sighted and the pig is killed. The ship reminds the boys of their civilised lives which they once belonged to whereas the killing of the pig is an example of their descent from civilised behaviour into savagery. Ralph and Piggy have a greater concern for returning to a civilised society while Jack and the hunters enjoy the downfall of civilisation and the descent into savagery. The little-uns show so signs of remorse at descending into savagery. It is my opinion that the story of The Lord Of The Flies would be slightly different than it is today. Depending on what type of people that were put in the situation of being alone, free from the restraints of the adult world, there would be small differences. The boys would probably split into two groups more quickly, as there are rivalries between boys whilst within the restraints of the adult world. There would be less violence because people are more aware of others; vegetarianism is a recent train of thought. Other than these minor changes due to society evolving over a period of time, Goldings portrayal of boys is remarkably realistic, if one was to think for a moment, one could probably think of people in real life who are eerily similar to the main characters from Lord Of The Flies. The view that is particularly disturbing is that the behaviour that is exhibited by the boys is common to all human beings, young or old.