Development Of Language Through Communication

Development Of Language Through Communication The need to share and relate to our environment made way for the formulation of a means of communicating and further allowed for the development of language. The view that Language is an innate ability and not develop through learning may be flawed in the sense that it can be developed through basic interaction of ones surrounding as well as a more advance development which well require some external assistance. Language is defined as a set of rules shared by individuals who are communicating, that allows them to exchange thoughts , ideas and emotions, where as innate abilities can be seen as skills which are genetically or biologically hardwired into an individuals being. There are many theories as to the development/acquisition of language, such as the Babbling Perspective, Social Interactionist Theory and The Nativist Perspective. The Babbling Perspective as put forward by BF. Skinner argues that adults shape the speech of children by reinforcing the babbling of infants that sound most like words (Skinner, 1957). Dr. C. George Boerees claim is that language all begins in infancy, he states that from conception to the first 6 months babies make a significant amount of noise; they Yell, Squeal, Growl and gives Raspberries, They also Coo; Cooing is what he recognized and theorized as the production of what will later become Vowels (A,E,I,O,U). From 6 Months to about 10 Months they produce somewhat more complicated sounds called babbling, first they produce their vowels starting with the more round back vowels (oo, oh, ah.) working their way the unrounded vowels (ee,eh,ah..) they usually form their first consonants H,M and B which can be combined with t he vowels to make syllables, soon after they will add P,T,D,N,W,F,V and Y, a little later K,G and NG. He also recognized that infants will further add S and Z and took awhile longer to form SH, CH, J and TH, the very last sound would be L and R. Boeree further acknowledge that because the way language is develop in infants it causes them to pronounce words oddly, for example Fis does fine for Fish, Wobbut for Robert and Cawa for Carla. He also stressed that they can perceive far more than they can pronounce, this is sometimes called the Fis phenomenon. Infants he argues might not be able to say certain words, but they will not put up with adults mispronouncing them. Boeree went on to state that both parents plays a huge role in the forming of the childs language, this means that even if we are pre-programmed in some way to speak language, we need to learn a specific language from the people around us, he also state that a mother wouldà ¿typically adjust their speech to fit the childs level, this he says is called Motherese.à ¿ Motherese is a universal feature that is found in practically every culture, it takes the form of a sing-song quality and many special baby words. It is also embedded into the context of theà ¿immediateà ¿surroundings, with constant reference to things nearby ad activities that are on going. Motherese also involves subtleà ¿shapingà ¿called protoconversations, here mother involves infants that do little more than just coo and babble. For example: Mother, Child (one year old) MotherChild Look! (Getting the childs attention)(Baby touches picture) What are these? (Asking question)à ¿(Baby babbles and smiles) Yes, they are doggies (naming Object) à ¿ (Child vocalizes smiles and looks at mom) (Mom laughs) Yes, Doggies! (Repeating) (Child vocalizes and smiles) (Laugh) Yes! (Giving feedback)(Child laughs) Mother would also ask questions like Where is it? and What is it doing? any response would be rewarded with happiness. The conversation however becomes more meaningful when the child is able to use their own words. Boeree concluded that by 10 months most children are able to understand between 5-10 à ¿words, he also observed that a significant portion are able to learn up to 40 words. One other theory is that of the Social Interactionist formulated by Lev Vygotsky, in the 1950s and 1960s. This theory argues that language development is both biological and social; it further states that language learning is influenced by the desire of children to communicate with others within their environment. (Shaffer, 2003). Other Interactionist believes that children are born with powerful brains that slowly predispose them to acquire new understandings that they are motivate to share with others. (Bates, 1993, Tomasella, 1995) Interactionist focuses onà ¿collaborative learning; this is the view that with older people will help children to develop both cognitively and linguistically. (Shaffer, et.al, 2002). Learning is promoted through collaboration collaboration among students, and between students and teacher. From a social Interactionist perspective as students share background knowledge and participate in the give and take of collaborative and cooperative activities they are actually negotiating meaning. They are building knowledge, not as individuals, but as a group. People who surround the individual student, and the culture within which that person lives, greatly affect the way he or she makes sense of the world. This is an ongoing process through out the development of the individuals life; this can take the form of simple task early in the childs life, which may include team sports, and jigsaw puzzles. As the child develops other forms of collaborative learning would include networking, and mentoring. Each of these activities would help the child to interact with those around them, to ask question, and to find solution for said questions. Noam Chomsky (1950) played an integral role in language development with his theory known as the Nativist perspective, this perspective is of the view that humans are biologically programmed to gain knowledge. Chomsky further argues that all humans have a Language Acquisition Device (LAD). The LAD he states contains knowledge of grammatical rules common to all language. (Cited by Shaffer, et.al, 2002). The LAD also allows children to understand the rules of whatever language listing to. Chomsky also developed the concepts of transformational grammar, Surface Structure and Deep meaning. Transformational grammar refers to grammar that transforms a sentence; Surface structures are words that are actually written and deep meaning refers to the underlining meaning or message of a sentence (Mothn, 2005). Chomsky argues that children know about deep structure and they are also able to apply a rule that allows them to manipulate these structures, he called these grammatical transformations. One such example of this is in my view is crying, a newborn who is hungry might not be able toà ¿readilyà ¿say Mom Im hungry but its need to communicate is discomfort stimulates a neurological response (Crying) that will not get the attention of the parent but also convey the childs message, not to say the parent may immediately know that the child want to be fed, but its here her own need to understand the child causes her to perform a series of check for example a diaper check and th e child realizing that its need its need for food is not being address may now begin to cry louder until satisfaction is present, this in return creates a form of language between child and parent that will later take them on a journey of a more advance level of language development which involve proper vocalization. In essence Chomskys perspective that if a child has a properly functioning Language Acquisition Device(LAD) then language will develop regardless of the kind of language the exposed to, as long as the child is raised in an otherwiseà ¿nurturing environment.(Fitch,W.T.S,2009) Chomskys views areà ¿criticized saying it focuses mainly on the internal mental structure and thinking process of the child. Critics have argued that this is unlikely,à ¿stemmingà ¿from their own researched and evidence gathered they say that it would not fully enable us to understand what exactly going on in aà ¿childsà ¿mind. Further critiques were based on the role of people assisting the child to learn language which tends to be overlooked. Researchers have observed that adult speech is fraught with hesitations,à ¿repetitions, slip of tongue and so on and therefore provide an imperfect model. however research have shown that adults make considerable modification to their speech when talking toà ¿childrenà ¿, theses modifications are designed to assist the child with language learning(Fitch,W.T.S,2009).

Star Mars :: essays research papers

Star Mars Since the boom in space technology about 30 years ago, man has found the method for expanding his existence beyond the many once thought "unbreakable barriers." Together with this development in space technology came a large quantity of information and discoveries of the compounds of the universe, and scientific questions seemed to jump out in equal number. The question that captures the eye of the media today causing a bitter controversy is probably the most easy to understand, considering the complex astronomy jargon. Is life possible on Mars? The fact is we still don't know. "Some of the early arguments we now know to be almost certainly erroneous, but even the most recent pieces of evidence do not unambiguously demonstrate the existence of life on Mars." ( Sagan and Shklovskii 273) Some scientist believe man should look up in the sky searching for new habitats for future generations, since human kind today seems to be going backwards in many aspects of the earth's ecology. The first attempt would be to study the moon; the second, our neighbor planet. Unfortunately, our actual technology slightly provides strong, useful information about the red planet because of the vast distance between us. While people such as Steven Spielberg and George Lucas try to convince us with hundred million dollar movies that we are not alone, engineers and geologists like from the NASA-Stanford University team pursue, based on true evidence, the idea of possible life on Mars. However, the burden of proof is sometimes too heavy even based on real evidence. The tough debate started on August 1996, when scientists from the NASA-SU team announced that a meteorite found on the Antartica contained evidence of past life on the red planet. They supported their conclusion on the basis of organic molecules, carbonates, and minerals found inside the rock, which are basic components of living things. This announcement astonished the world, but not the critics who skeptically stated opposite explanations for each of the components discovered. The main discussion focused by critics like Allan Treiman arguing that "This scientist have lowered the standards of evidence rather than raised them, which is what you would expect for a claim this extraordinary." (qtd. in Begley and Rogers 58) The problem raises when it is proved that those kinds of minerals and organic molecules found in the meteorite, which fell from Mars about 13,000 years ago, can also be formed during nonbiological reactions such as very high temperatures. For us, the common magazine readers, it is difficult to deal with these two positions: the final acceptance of extraterrestrial life, which is the

The Host Chapter 43: Frenzied

I imagined that from the outside, I looked as still as a statue. My hands were folded in front of me, my face was without expression, my breathing was too shallow to move my chest. Inside, I was spinning apart, as if the pieces of my atoms were reversing polarity and blowing away from one another. Bringing Melanie back had not saved him. All that I could do was not enough. The hall outside our room was crowded. Jared, Kyle, and Ian were back from their desperate raid, empty-handed. A cooler of ice-that was all they had to show for three days of risking their lives. Trudy was making compresses and laying them across Jamie's forehead, the back of his neck, his chest. Even if the ice cooled the fever, raging out of control, how long until it was all melted? An hour? More? Less? How long until he was dying again? I would have been the one to put the ice on him, but I couldn't move. If I moved, I would fall into microscopic pieces. â€Å"Nothing?† Doc murmured. â€Å"Did you check -â€Å" â€Å"Every spot we could think of,† Kyle interrupted. â€Å"It's not like painkillers, drugs-lots of people had reason to keep those hidden. The antibiotics were always kept in the open. They're gone, Doc.† Jared just stared down at the red-faced child on the bed, not speaking. Ian stood beside me. â€Å"Don't look like that,† he whispered. â€Å"He'll pull through. He's tough.† I couldn't respond. Couldn't even hear the words, really. Doc knelt beside Trudy and pulled Jamie's chin down. With a bowl he scooped up some of the ice water from the cooler and let it trickle into Jamie's mouth. We all heard the thick, painful sound of Jamie's swallowing. But his eyes didn't open. I felt as though I would never be able to move again. That I would turn into part of the stone wall. I wanted to be stone. If they dug a hole for Jamie in the empty desert, they would have to put me in it, too. Not good enough, Melanie growled. I was despairing, but she was filled with fury. They tried. Trying solves nothing. Jamie will not die. They have to go back out. For what purpose? Even if they did find your old antibiotics, what are the chances they would still be any good? They only worked half the time anyway. Inferior. He doesn't need your medicine. He needs more than that. Something that really works†¦ My breathing sped up, deepened as I saw it. He needs mine, I realized. Mel and I were both awestruck by the obviousness of this idea. The simplicity of it. My stone lips cracked apart. â€Å"Jamie needs real medicines. The ones the souls have. We need to get him those.† Doc frowned at me. â€Å"We don't even know what those things do, how they work.† â€Å"Does it matter?† Some of Melanie's anger was seeping into my voice. â€Å"They do work. They can save him.† Jared stared at me. I could feel Ian's eyes on me, too, and Kyle's, and all the rest in the room. But I saw only Jared. â€Å"We can't get 'em, Wanda,† Jeb said, his tone already one of defeat. Giving up. â€Å"We can only get into deserted places. There's always a bunch of your kind in a hospital. Twenty-four hours a day. Too many eyes. We won't do Jamie any good if we get caught.† â€Å"Sure,† Kyle said in a hard voice. â€Å"The centipedes will be only too happy to heal his body when they find us here. And make him one of them. Is that what you're after?† I turned to glare at the big, sneering man. My body tensed and leaned forward. Ian put his hand on my shoulder as if he were holding me back. I didn't think I would have made any aggressive move toward Kyle, but maybe I was wrong. I was so far from my normal self. When I spoke, my voice was dead even, no inflection. â€Å"There has to be a way.† Jared was nodding. â€Å"Maybe someplace small. The gun would make too much noise, but if there were enough of us to overwhelm them, we could use knives.† â€Å"No.† My arms came unfolded, my hands falling open in shock. â€Å"No. That's not what I meant. Not killing -â€Å" No one even listened to me. Jeb was arguing with Jared. â€Å"There's no way, kid. Somebody'd get a call off to the Seekers. Even if we were in and out, something like that would bring 'em down on us in force. We'd be hard-pressed to make it out at all. And they'd follow.† â€Å"Wait. Can't you -â€Å" They still weren't listening to me. â€Å"I don't want the boy to die, either, but we can't risk everyone's lives for one person,† Kyle said. â€Å"People die here; it happens. We can't get crazy to save one boy.† I wanted to choke him, to cut off his air in order to stop his calm words. Me, not Melanie. I was the one who wanted to turn his face purple. Melanie felt the same way, but I could tell how much of the violence came directly from me. â€Å"We have to save him,† I said, louder now. Jeb looked at me. â€Å"Hon, we can't just walk in there and ask.† Right then, another very simple and obvious truth occurred to me. â€Å"You can't. But I can.† The room fell dead silent. I was caught up in the beauty of the plan forming in my head. The perfection of it. I spoke mostly to myself, and to Melanie. She was impressed. This would work. We could save Jamie. â€Å"They aren't suspicious. Not at all. Even if I'm a horrible liar, they would never suspect me of anything. They wouldn't be listening for lies. Of course not. I'm one of them. They would do anything to help me. I'd say I got hurt hiking or something†¦ and then I'd find a way to be alone and I'd take as much as I could hide. Think of it! I could get enough to heal everyone here. To last for years. And Jamie would be fine! Why didn't I think of this before? Maybe it wouldn't have been too late even for Walter.† I looked up then, with shining eyes. It was just so perfect! So perfect, so absolutely right, so obvious to me, that it took me forever to understand the expressions on their faces. If Kyle's had not been so explicit, it might have taken me longer. Hatred. Suspicion. Fear. Even Jeb's poker face was not enough. His eyes were tight with mistrust. Every face said no. Are they insane? Can't they see how this would help us all? They don't believe me. They think I'll hurt them, hurt Jamie! â€Å"Please,† I whispered. â€Å"It's the only way to save him.† â€Å"Patient, isn't it?† Kyle spit. â€Å"Bided its time well, don't you think?† I fought the desire to choke him again. â€Å"Doc?† I begged. He didn't meet my eyes. â€Å"Even if there was any way we could let you outside, Wanda†¦ I just couldn't trust drugs I don't understand. Jamie's a tough kid. His system will fight this off.† â€Å"We'll go out again, Wanda,† Ian murmured. â€Å"We'll find something. We won't come back until we do.† â€Å"That's not good enough.† The tears were pooling in my eyes. I looked to the one person who might possibly be in as much pain as I was. â€Å"Jared. You know. You know I would never let anything hurt Jamie. You know I can do this. Please.† He met my gaze for one long moment. Then he looked around the room, at every other face. Jeb, Doc, Kyle, Ian, Trudy. Out the door at the silent audience whose expressions mirrored Kyle's: Sharon, Violetta, Lucina, Reid, Geoffrey, Heath, Heidi, Andy, Aaron, Wes, Lily, Carol. My friends mixed in with my enemies, all of them wearing Kyle's face. He stared at the next row, which I couldn't see. Then he looked down at Jamie. There was no sound of breathing in the whole room. â€Å"No, Wanda,† he said quietly. â€Å"No.† A sigh of relief from the rest. My knees buckled. I fell forward and yanked free of Ian's hands when he tried to pull me back up. I crawled to Jamie and pushed Trudy aside with my elbow. The silent room watched. I took the compress from his head and refilled the melted ice. I didn't meet the stares I could feel on my skin. I couldn't see anyway. The tears swam in front of my eyes. â€Å"Jamie, Jamie, Jamie,† I crooned. â€Å"Jamie, Jamie, Jamie.† I couldn't seem to do anything but sob out his name and touch the packets of ice over and over, waiting for the moment they would need changing. I heard them leave, a few at a time. I heard their voices, mostly angry, fade away down the halls. I couldn't make sense of the words, though. Jamie, Jamie, Jamie†¦ â€Å"Jamie, Jamie, Jamie†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ian knelt beside me when the room was almost empty. â€Å"I know you wouldn't†¦ but Wanda, they'll kill you if you try,† he whispered. â€Å"After what happened†¦ in the hospital. They're afraid you have good reason to destroy us†¦ Anyway, he'll be all right. You have to trust that.† I turned my face from him, and he went away. â€Å"Sorry, kid,† Jeb mumbled when he left. Jared left. I didn't hear him go, but I knew when he was gone. That seemed right to me. He didn't love Jamie the way we did. He had proved that. He should go. Doc stayed, watching helplessly. I didn't look at him. The daylight faded slowly, turned orange and then gray. The ice melted and was gone. Jamie started to burn alive under my hands. â€Å"Jamie, Jamie, Jamie†¦Ã¢â‚¬  My voice was cracked and hoarse now, but I couldn't stop. â€Å"Jamie, Jamie, Jamie†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The room turned black. I couldn't see Jamie's face. Would he leave in the night? Had I already seen his face, his living face, for the last time? His name was just a whisper on my lips now, low enough that I could hear Doc's quiet snoring. I wiped the tepid cloth across his body without ceasing. As the water dried, it cooled him a little. The burn lessened. I began to believe that he wouldn't die tonight. But I wouldn't be able to hold him here forever. He would slip away from me. Tomorrow. The next day. And then I would die, too. I would not live without Jamie. Jamie, Jamie, Jamie†¦ Melanie groaned. Jared didn't believe us. The lament was both of ours. We thought it at the same time. It was still silent. I didn't hear anything. Nothing alerted me. Then, suddenly, Doc cried out. The sound was oddly muffled, like he was shouting into a pillow. My eyes couldn't make sense of the shapes in the darkness at first. Doc was jerking strangely. And he seemed too big-like he had too many arms. It was terrifying. I leaned over Jamie's inert form, to protect him from whatever was happening. I could not flee while he lay helpless. My heart pounded against my ribs. Then the flailing arms were still. Doc's snore started up again, louder and thicker than before. He slumped to the ground, and the shape separated. A second figure pulled itself away from his and stood in the darkness. â€Å"Let's go,† Jared whispered. â€Å"We don't have time to waste.† My heart nearly exploded. He believes. I jumped to my feet, forcing my stiff knees to unbend. â€Å"What did you do to Doc?† â€Å"Chloroform. It won't last long.† I turned quickly and poured the warm water over Jamie, soaking his clothes and the mattress. He didn't stir. Perhaps that would keep him cool until Doc woke up. â€Å"Follow me.† I was on his heels. We moved silently, almost touching, almost running but not quite. Jared hugged the walls, and I did the same. He stopped when we reached the light of the moon-bright garden room. It was deserted and still. I could see Jared clearly for the first time. He had the gun slung behind his back and a knife sheathed at his waist. He held out his hands, and there was a length of dark fabric in them. I understood at once. The whispered words raced out of my mouth. â€Å"Yes, blindfold me.† He nodded, and I closed my eyes while he tied the cloth over them. I would keep them closed anyway. The knot was quick and tight. When he was done, I spun myself in a fast circle-once, twice†¦ His hands stopped me. â€Å"That's okay,† he said. And then he gripped me harder and lifted me off the ground. I gasped in surprise as he threw me against his shoulder. I folded there, my head and chest hanging over his back, beside the gun. His arms held my legs against his chest, and he was already moving. I bounced as he jogged, my face brushing against his shirt with each stride. I had no sense of which way we were going; I didn't try to guess or think or feel. I concentrated only on the bouncing of his gait, counting steps. Twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three†¦ I could feel him lean as the path took him down and then up. I tried not to think about it. Four hundred twelve, four hundred thirteen, four hundred fourteen†¦ I knew when we were out. I smelled the dry, clean breeze of the desert. The air was hot, though it had to be close to midnight. He pulled me down and set me on my feet. â€Å"The ground is flat. Do you think you can run blindfolded?† â€Å"Yes.† He grabbed my elbow tightly in his hand and took off, setting a rigorous pace. It wasn't easy. He caught me time and time again before I could fall. I started to get used to it after a while, and I kept my balance better over the tiny pits and rises. We ran until we were both gasping. â€Å"If†¦ we can get†¦ to the jeep†¦ we'll be in†¦ the clear.† The jeep? I felt a strange wave of nostalgia. Mel hadn't seen the jeep since the first leg of that disastrous trip to Chicago, hadn't known it had survived. â€Å"If we†¦ can't?† I asked. â€Å"They catch us†¦ they'll kill you. Ian's†¦ right about†¦ that part.† I tried to run faster. Not to save my life, but because I was the only one who could save Jamie's. I stumbled again. â€Å"Going to†¦ take off the blindfold. You'll be†¦ faster.† â€Å"You sure?† â€Å"Don't†¦ look around. ‘Kay?† â€Å"Promise.† He yanked at the knots behind my head. As the fabric fell away from my eyes, I focused them only on the ground at my feet. It made a world of difference. The moonlight was bright, and the sand was very smooth and pale. Jared dropped his arm and broke into a faster stride. I kept up easily now. Distance running was familiar to my body. I settled into my preferred stride. Just over a six-minute mile, I'd guess. I couldn't keep up that pace forever, but I'd run myself into the ground trying. â€Å"You hear†¦ anything?† he asked. I listened. Just two sets of running feet on the sand. â€Å"No.† He grunted in approval. I guessed this was the reason he'd stolen the gun. They couldn't stop us from a distance without it. It took about an hour more. I was slowing then, and so was he. My mouth burned for water. I'd never looked up from the ground, so it startled me when he put his hand over my eyes. I faltered, and he pulled us to a walk. â€Å"We're okay now. Just ahead†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He left his hand over my eyes and tugged me forward. I heard our footsteps echo off something. The desert wasn't as flat here. â€Å"Get in.† His hand disappeared. It was nearly as dark as it was with him covering my eyes. Another cave. Not a deep one. If I turned around, I would be able to see out of it. I didn't turn. The jeep faced into the darkness. It looked just the same as I remembered it, this vehicle I had never seen. I swung myself over the door into the seat. Jared was in his seat already. He leaned over and tied the blindfold over my eyes again. I held still to make it easier. The noise of the engine scared me. It seemed too dangerous. There were so many people who shouldn't find us now. We moved in reverse briefly, and then the wind was blasting my face. There was a funny sound behind the jeep, something that didn't fit Melanie's memories. â€Å"We're going to Tucson,† he told me. â€Å"We never raid there-it's too close. But we don't have time for anything else. I know where a small hospital is, not too deep into town.† â€Å"Not Saint Mary's?† He heard the alarm in my voice. â€Å"No, why?† â€Å"I know someone there.† He was quiet for a minute. â€Å"Will you be recognized?† â€Å"No. No one will know my face. We don't have†¦ wanted people. Not like you did.† â€Å"Okay.† But he had me thinking now, thinking about my appearance. Before I could voice my concerns, he took my hand and folded it around something very small. â€Å"Keep that close to you.† â€Å"What is it?† â€Å"If they guess that you're†¦ with us, if they're going to†¦ put someone else in Mel's body, you put that in your mouth and bite down on it hard.† â€Å"Poison?† â€Å"Yes.† I thought about that for a moment. And then I laughed; I couldn't help it. My nerves were frayed with worry. â€Å"It's not a joke, Wanda,† he said angrily. â€Å"If you can't do it, then I have to take you back.† â€Å"No, no, I can.† I tried to get a hold of myself. â€Å"I know I can. That's why I'm laughing.† His voice was harsh. â€Å"I don't get the joke.† â€Å"Don't you see? For millions of my own kind, I've never been able to do that. Not for my own†¦ children. I was always too afraid to die that final time. But I can do it for one alien child.† I laughed again. â€Å"It doesn't make any sense. Don't worry, though. I can die to protect Jamie.† â€Å"I'm trusting you to do just that.† It was silent for a moment, and then I remembered what I looked like. â€Å"Jared, I don't look right. For walking into a hospital.† â€Å"We've got better clothes stashed with the†¦ less-conspicuous vehicles. That's where we're headed now. About five more minutes.† That wasn't what I meant, but he was right. These clothes would never do. I waited to talk to him about the rest. I needed to look at myself first. The jeep stopped, and he pulled off the blindfold. â€Å"You don't have to keep your eyes down,† he told me when my head ducked automatically. â€Å"There's nothing here to give us away. Just in case this place was ever discovered.† It wasn't a cave. It was a rock slide. A few of the bigger boulders had been carefully excavated, leaving clever dark spaces under them that no one would suspect of housing anything but dirt and smaller rocks. The jeep was already lodged in a tight space. I was so close to the rock, I had to climb over the back of the jeep to get out. There was something odd attached to the bumper-chains and two very dirty tarps, all ragged and torn. â€Å"Here,† Jared said, and led the way to a shadowy crevice just a little shorter than he was. He brushed aside a dusty, dirt-colored tarp and rifled through a pile hiding behind it. He pulled out a T-shirt, soft and clean, with tags still attached. He ripped those off and threw the shirt to me. Then he dug until he found a pair of khaki pants. He checked the size, then flipped them to me, too. â€Å"Put them on.† I hesitated for a moment while he waited, wondering what my problem was. I flushed and then turned my back to him. I yanked my ragged shirt over my head and replaced it as quickly as my fumbling fingers could manage. I heard him clear his throat. â€Å"Oh. I'll, uh, get the car.† His footsteps moved away. I stripped off my tattered cutoff sweats and pulled the crisp new pants into place. My shoes were in bad shape, but they weren't that noticeable. Besides, comfortable shoes weren't always easy to come by. I could pretend I had an attachment to this pair. Another engine came to life, quieter than the jeep's. I turned to see a modest, unremarkable sedan pull out of a deep shadow under a boulder. Jared got out and chained the tattered tarps from the jeep to this car's rear bumper. Then he drove it to where I stood, and as I saw the heavy tarps wipe the tire tracks from the dirt, I comprehended their purpose. Jared leaned across the seat to open the passenger door. There was a backpack on the seat. It lay flat, empty. I nodded to myself. Yes, this I needed. â€Å"Let's go.† â€Å"Hold on,† I said. I crouched to look at myself in the side mirror. Not good. I flipped my chin-length hair over my cheek, but it wasn't enough. I touched my cheek and bit my lip. â€Å"Jared. I can't go in with my face like this.† I pointed to the long, jagged scar across my skin. â€Å"What?† he demanded. â€Å"No soul would have a scar like this. They would have had it treated. They'll wonder where I've been. They'll ask questions.† His eyes widened and then narrowed. â€Å"Maybe you should have thought of this before I snuck you out. If we go back now, they'll think it was a ploy for you to learn the way out.† â€Å"We're not going back without medicine for Jamie.† My voice was harder than his. His got harder to match it. â€Å"What do you propose we do, then, Wanda?† â€Å"I'll need a rock.† I sighed. â€Å"You're going to have to hit me.†

Career in Criminal Justice with an Associate Degree 5 Little Known Facts about Life as Police Officer 2019

Working as a police officer can be an enticing career in criminal justice. With an associate degree in criminal justice, graduates may compete for positions in county, state, and federal police departments. There is more to the position, however, than what is portrayed in the most recent, flashy crime show on television. In a recent release of The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 5 little known facts about life as a police officer were revealed. 1. A police officer career in criminal justice with an associate degree demands odd working hours. Police officers must be on patrol 24/7, including nights and holidays. Abnormal shifts require support and understanding from friends and family. 2. A police officer career in criminal justice with an associate degree is the 5th most dangerous job in the U.S. Law enforcement is one of the more self-sacrificing occupations in society, says the graduation speaker for the Albuquerque cadet class of 2017. The thrill and inherent danger of being a police officer is what attracts some to the profession. However, officers must face the reality that some police officers are injured or killed in the line of duty. .u803fdf47e7be6925111167fd9fc544da { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u803fdf47e7be6925111167fd9fc544da:active, .u803fdf47e7be6925111167fd9fc544da:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u803fdf47e7be6925111167fd9fc544da { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u803fdf47e7be6925111167fd9fc544da .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u803fdf47e7be6925111167fd9fc544da .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u803fdf47e7be6925111167fd9fc544da:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Maryland Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus-based Education in Maryland3. A police officer career in criminal justice with an associate degree is an important part of fighting terrorism. In the past, police officers have been expected to fight crime. Todays police officers have adopted a new role that includes being ready to fight terrorism. The reality is that modern police officers must be prepared for anything. 4. A career in criminal justice with an associate degree as a police officer can involve being treated with disrespect. Unfortunately, police officers have been portrayed negatively in the media recently. Some people may treat police officers with disrespect because of what they stand for, or for negative associations triggered by the profession. 5. A career in criminal justice with an associate degree as a police officer requires integrity and discretion. On patrol, police officers are continually faced with temptations and situations that call for integrity. The daily decisions police officers make on the streets affect thousands of peoples lives. According to Commander Debbie Kunes, a police officers most important weapon is discretion rather than a gun. .u2e541b4e441b2aae0e60f0b35c12535f { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u2e541b4e441b2aae0e60f0b35c12535f:active, .u2e541b4e441b2aae0e60f0b35c12535f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u2e541b4e441b2aae0e60f0b35c12535f { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u2e541b4e441b2aae0e60f0b35c12535f .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u2e541b4e441b2aae0e60f0b35c12535f .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u2e541b4e441b2aae0e60f0b35c12535f:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ IT Colleges Are The Path To IT CareersDespite its challenges, a career as a police officer can be highly rewarding. Prospective students can request more details about earning an Associate of Arts in Criminal Justice through the University of Phoenix by submitting the information request form on College-Pages.com. Related ArticlesBachelor Criminal Justice Degree Online Could St. Louis Use more Criminal Justice College GraduatesDegree in Criminal Justice Use a Criminal Justice Background to go to Law SchoolCriminal Justice 4 Reasons Women Make Successful Law Enforcement OfficersAfter Graduation From a Criminal Justice Degree ProgramCriminal Justice Associate Degree Jobs 7 Exciting Career Opportunities from Court Services to Detective JobsDegree in Criminal Justice Discover a Career as a Police Officer

Dantes Inferno Essay - 1447 Words

At the start of the poem we find Dante in the dark forest(Inf. 1.2). Not much description is given maybe to show Dante’s disorientation. Whether the disorientation is spiritual, physical, moral or political; that is unclear at the start of the poem. The poem us written this way so reader can identify with Dante. It is also written in such a way that sometimes it is difficult to understand some parts, you sometimes have to read it backwards to get a better understanding. The way Dante characterizes the dark woods has a lot of ideas taken from various traditions. This ranges from the medieval Platonic image of chaos, this is shown as a type of primordial wood. There is the enterance to the classic underworld (Hades), which is in the†¦show more content†¦Virgil also wrote ten pastoral poems; Eclogues, the fourth of which talks about the birth of a wonderful child and that was thought to be a prophet of the birth of Jesus. Circle 7-9 In Canto 11 of the Inferno Virgil explains to Dante that violent sins, sins of violence, takes three forms other people, ones self, and God (28-33). The people who commit crimes against other are punishes in the first ring of the seventh circle, a river of blood (Inferno 12) Those people who commit suicide, those who commit crimes unto themselves are punished in a horrid forest (Inferno 13). The ring for the people who commit crimes against God, the third ring is a barren places all of sand ignited by flakes of fire. To break this circle down more, there are those who offend God directly(blasphemers), those who violate nature(sodomites) and those who are users(Inferno 14-17). The way Dante shows sodomy, it is understood that it is sexual relation between males, but that doesn’t make it homosexual. At that time in the Middle Ages it was seen as extremely wrong both legally and theologically. The crime could end with loss of property and/or even capital punishment. Usury was similarly condemned, as it goes with and equated with heresy in 1311, at the Council of Vienne. Fallen man must live â€Å"by the sweat of his brow† and Jesus said ’lend, expecting nothing in return†( GenShow MoreRelatedThe Story in Dantes Inferno910 Words   |  4 PagesIn the story Dante’s Inferno we as readers get to experience hell in a whole light. Throughout the narrative we find out that hell is not only what we know of it from the Christian bible. According to Dante Hell is a complex situation that is nothing like anything we have read earlier. There are many people who have read at least some portion of the Holy Bible. Whether it be because of personal reasons or educational ones, the holy bible most read (and sold) books in existence. Through readingRead More Dantes Inferno Essay856 Words   |  4 PagesDantes Inferno It was sometime in the middle of the 17th century that British cleric Thomas Fuller wrote, He that falls into sin is a man; that grieves at it, is a saint; that boasteth of it, is a devil. If Fuller was right, where does one place Dante, the pilgrim who bravely wandered where no man had wandered before? Certainly, the sojourner precisely written by the poet of the same name was a man. Certainly, also, he repented his sinful ways (how could one not after braving not only theRead MoreThe Odyssey and Dantes Inferno1300 Words   |  5 Pagesheart of a poet, whether it be romance, adventure or simply a story from experiences. And perhaps there are no better poets that are better able to drag their willing audience along a journey than Homer and Dante. The epic tales of The Odyssey and Inferno, respectively, were seemingly written along a parallel train of thought when describing their characters journey, easily engaging the creative functions of the reader with adventurous tales of hop e and adventure. Their characters, Odysseus and DanteRead More Dantes Inferno Essay496 Words   |  2 PagesDantes Inferno In Canto I, Dante has strayed from the True Way into the Dark Wood of Error. He opens his eyes and sees the mount Mount of Joy which is lit up by the sun. He sets out to try to climb the mountain, but his way is blocked by the Three Beasts of Worldliness: The Leopard of Malice and Fraud, The Lion of Violence and Ambition, and The She-Wolf of Incontinence. He then starts to lose all hope when Virgil, Dante’s symbol of Human Reason appears. Dante is very frightened and nervous byRead MoreCritique Of Dantes Inferno1602 Words   |  7 Pages The Inferno is the first part of Dante’s epic poem The Divine Comedy. The Inferno tells the journey of Dante going through Hell, guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil. In the poem Hell is illustrated as nine circles of torture that is located in the middle of the Earth, the Inferno describes the recognition and the ultimate rejection of sin. Every canto is written in parts of what sinner is being punished, what their punishment is an d why they are there. Susan Blow writes a critique of Dante’sRead MoreThe Influence of Dantes Inferno Essay1380 Words   |  6 Pages Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy is an epic poem that begins with the Inferno. The Inferno is an extremely influential part of European literature. The structure of story is for many people a piece of the vision of Hell. Religiously, this poem has had great prevalence. Dante paints a picture of the Hell that is both unsettling and justifiable. A whole world is created through his poem. The levels and intensity of sin is pondered. Crime is put to a level of small to large scale. ThoseRead MoreAnalysis of Dantes Inferno Essay748 Words   |  3 PagesIn Dante’s Inferno, Dante is taken on a journey through hell. On this journey, Dane sees the many different forms of sins, and each with its own unique contrapasso, or counter-suffering. Each of these punishments reflects the sin of a person, usually offering some ironic way of suffering as a sort of revenge for breaking God’s law. As Dante wrote this work and developed the contrapassos, he allows himself to play God, deciding who is in hell and why they are there. He uses this opportunity to strikeRead MoreThe Contributions Of Death In Dantes Inferno1168 Words   |  5 PagesIn the Inferno, Dante journeys along the path that will eventually lead him to God by first passing through Hell. As he goes through his journey in Hell with Virgil, Dante encounters several sinners who are being punished based upon the sins each individual committed. Dante’s attitude towards the sinners’ punishment changes from sympathy to hostility as he goes through his path towards God. At first, Dante is to feeling sympathy for the souls that reside in the Second Circle of Hell, whose punishmentRead MoreDantes Inferno and the Renaissance Essay2380 Words   |  10 PagesIt is one of the most known and referenced books of its time and is still a commonly read work of literature, but is Dante Alighieri’s The Inferno more that just one man’s interpretation of what hell is like? We know it now as a remarkable piece of literature, but some contend that it was a turning point in writing and how many viewed the world. Claims have also been made that it is an example of how man paved the road out of the Dark Ages and into the Renaissance, the period that shaped a lot ofRead MoreDantes Inferno and The Afterlife Essay1819 Words   |  8 Pagesperson can interpreted it in a slightly different way and allegories are most often personalized by a reader. Dante’s Inferno allegory is present throughout the entire poem. From the dark wood to the depths of Dan te’s hell he presents the different crimes committed in life as they could be punished in death. One of the first punishments we observe comes from the fifth circle of Dante’s hell, the wrathful and the sullen, as the author expresses his thoughts of the fitting consequence with each sin

Review of Cocktail Party Economics Essay - 688 Words

Review of Cocktail Party Economics for The Economist As an economics training book, Cocktail Party Economics highlights the concepts of economics, bringing them to light in a simple way without taking away from the importance of each theory and thought. This is a book written to engage its readers and interest them in the idea of the economic thought process. Addressed to â€Å"students everywhere, especially those who like economics †¦ or want to,† this book is exactly that. Cocktail Party Economics is a skillful portrayal of the process of economic thought, which entertains young readers due to the author’s sometimes silly and sarcastic moments. Economics may sometimes appear to be a difficult subject filled with elaborate terms and†¦show more content†¦There are many Gossip Columns within the book; each one displaying the lives of an economist and their contributions to today’s economic society. These are especially important to this work of literature because they highlight the key concepts developed by deceased economists and how these concepts are used in today’s day and age. The reader is consumed by the column and what it has to offer: a chance to understand the idea of economics on a greater scale. Visualization is an essential factor of Cocktail Party Economics, as it is aimed at a student audience. Visuals in which a student sees within the text help the individual to expand their learning and retain more information. The use of charts offers the reader a chance to refer to them in the case of confusion or misunderstanding. These visual aids help each reader on their journey of understanding the theories of economics. Either in the form of a chart or picture, Cocktail Party Economics challenges readers to apply their knowledge to understand the text better through the visual aids. Overall, Cocktail Party Economics is a great tool to use when trying to grasp the idea of economics and the impacts of t he theories on modern society. The book contains a great deal of aids in the form of quotes, Gossip Columns, charts, and pictures, helping the reader to better their understanding. The authors make the text easy to read, using a somewhat story-telling setting. The title,Show MoreRelatedEng2021004 Words   |  5 Pagesa tasteful single woman. Before the age of forty, she has been living a quiet life in London celibacy nearby village. She was not married, not because she was ugly or eccentric, or bad economic conditions at home. In fact, she had a good karma, often was invited to participate in a variety of tea or cocktail party. She is both orthodox and aloof, a man of great self-discipline. For such people, marriage is certainly put quality before quantity. For the unmarried children of middle-class familiesRead MoreJapanese Food1349 Words   |  6 Pagesyour Japanese restaurant. Common products sold through these businesses include sushi, sashimi, and beverage services. Addit ionally, you may want to make mention as to whether or not you obtain liquor license as it pertains to providing specialty  cocktails  for your customers. Next, youre going to want to discuss your Japanese restaurant  SBA loan. Here, you should discuss how much money youre seeking, anticipated interest rate, the anticipated monthly repayment rate, and the term below. You alsoRead MoreTesla motors Essay3925 Words   |  16 PagesToronto †¢ Potential buyers should call 416-555-8899 for more information or to arrange a test drive Central Tactics Use Jay Leno as a product evangelist Win over key influencers and spin off media coverage with an exclusive track event and cocktail party 2 Executive Summary OBJECTIVE The focus of this communications plan is Tesla’s Toronto debut. While creating awareness or changing attitudes are important for Tesla’s success in the high-end electric performance car market, theRead MoreHow Social Networking Negatively Spheres Of Life Either It Is Personal, Social, Educational Or Professional Essay1938 Words   |  8 Pagesanti-socialactivities increasing on these networks along with suggestions/tips which can help the user toavoid the populace from the risks involved in social networking. Design/Methodology/Approach: The paper presents a comprehensive literature review andcommentary. 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Management and Organizational Structure †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Organization culture and organizational Structure. Answer: Organization culture and organizational structure are closely related to each other and is one of the most important factors for the improving the performance of the organization. The culture of an organization has an impact on the structure of the organization and vice versa. This is a report, which will explain the organization culture and structure of the organization named Flight centre. This report will analyze the complex nature of the modern day organization by making use of the marketing theories. Flight Centre limited is one of the travel agencies in Australia who is the market leader in this segment and has been able to achieve this due to their unique behaviouralmanagement style. The flight centre is an organization, which caters to both the overseas and the Australian market. The organization has been for their known for the airfares that they provide at the lowest price and consist of more than 200 shops in all over the world. The organization has been providing both business and leisure travel packages to the consumers at an affordable price. The organization has expanded their business to 11 countries such as United States, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Hong Kong, South Africa, China, Dubai, Singapore and India (Flight Centre Travel Group 2017). This organization is one of the most successful retail brands in the travel industry. The organization has been bale o employee 8000 support staffs and consultants through the networks of the organization. The organization has been able to extend their services to 40 countries all around the world through strategic licensing and supported by the local operators (Flight Centre Travel Group 2017). The organizational structure of Flight centre limited is lean, team based and simple. The organization consists of small groups, which consist of seven members, which is the foundation of the organization. This small group is known as a family and are the retail stores. The next level in the organization will consist of three or four families and they have been named as village. These retail stores which are in the same geographical proximity are clustered together to form a village. The next level consists of twenty stores and is named as country (Dekoulou et al. 2017). There are sixteen countries in Australia which shows the level of hierarchy in the system and how the operate. The organization is focused on teamwork and they believe in collective effort. The respective leaders of the country monitor these countries and staffs support them so that they could efficiently fulfil the goals and objectives of the organization. These people are specialist, which has helped to expand the organization and e xecute all the activities in a feasible manner. The organization has been able to make use of the information system in an effective way, which will help in sharing of information and brainstorming (Burke 2017). This will help in making effective decision-making and help to achieve the objectives and goals of the organization. This helps to make an impact in an organization at all level which will include strategic activities, operational activities and tactical. The information system will help to provide better guidance to the employees in the market and is the integral part of the organizational structure (Waldman and Jensen 2016). The organization culture is also an important factor for the growth and performance of the organization. The organization is known for the training they provide to their employees. The employees are provided with a lot of attention, which helps the organization to get them involved in all the activities of the organization. The organization uses the transformative leadership, which focuses on teamwork as the main solution for solving all the problems in the industry. The teamwork of the employees helps in decision-making and the collective effort helps to make changes to the organization (Alvesson 2016). Workforce in any organization is the main driving force for improving the performance. The organizational culture will have a huge influence on the workforce and Flight centre has made use of the employee engagement to motivate their workforce. The employees are encouraged to work in a team and participate in the activities of the organization (Mills 2017). The organization focuses o n the empowerment of the employees, which has helped the employees to grow at an individual level. This is one of the major factors, which has provided the organization with a competitive advantage in the market. The system that has been created by the organization is linked in such a way that ineffectiveness of a single employee will have an overall impact on the Flight Centre. Moreover, the incentive the employees are dependent on the overall salary of every individual, which shows Flight Centres focus on collective effort (Hartnell et al. 2016). This is can be understood form the fact that the rates of the employees in the organization are higher than the standard in this industry. The organization has also incorporated innovation in their business model which has helped the employees to do thing in a different way and they have the fulfil freedom of making decisions on the basis of the organization. This shows that the organization has provided the employees with full freedom, w hich they use in an effective way to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization. The organization has established an efficient performance management system, which will help the higher officials in the organization to identify and acknowledge the performance of the employees. This has also helped to make continuous improvements in the employee performance and rectify heir mistakes (Beach 2014). However, even though the organization is the market leader in this field the biggest weakness of the organization is their traditional system, which is time consuming and is more expensive than the modern methods used by the other rival organization. Thus, it is recommended that Flight Centre should incorporate the modern technological processes if they want to maintain their competitive advantage in the market. The organization will have to analyze the business model of the organization so that they can evaluate their cost structure and the revenue streams. This will help them to reduce their cost and increase their profit margin. References Flight Centre Travel Group (2017). Homepage - Flight Centre Travel Group. [online] Flight Centre Travel Group. Available at: https://www.fctgl.com/ [Accessed 6 Oct. 2017]. Dekoulou, P., Dekoulou, P., Trivellas, P. and Trivellas, P., 2017. Organizational structure, innovation performance and customer relationship value in the Greek advertising and media industry. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 32(3), pp.385-397. Burke, W.W., 2017. Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Waldman, D. and Jensen, E., 2016. Industrial organization: theory and practice. Routledge. Alvesson, M. ed., 2016. Organizational culture. Sage. Hartnell, C.A., Kinicki, A.J., Lambert, L.S., Fugate, M. and Doyle Corner, P., 2016. Do similarities or differences between CEO leadership and organizational culture have a more positive effect on firm performance? A test of competing predictions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(6), p.846. Beach, L.R., 2014. Decision making in the workplace: A unified perspective. Psychology Press. Mills, A.J., 2017. Studying the Gendering of Organizational Culture over Time: Concerns, Issues, and Strategies?. In Insights and Research on the Study of Gender and Intersectionality in International Airline Cultures (pp. 71-91). Emerald Publishing Limited.